Ssm is a qualitative methodology

IntroductionSoft Systems MethodologyDefinitionSoft systems methodological analysis ( SSM ) is a systemic attack for covering with real-world job state of affairss. Peter Checkland and his co-workers developed soft systems methodological analysis from system theory at Lancaster University in the United Kingdom. SSM is a qualitative methodological analysis and was developed utilizing action research so that it is besides treated as a theoretical methodological analysis. The bosom of SSM is a comparing between the universe as it is, and some theoretical accounts of the universe as it might be.Out of this comparing originate a better apprehension of the universe ( â€Å"research† ) , and some thoughts for betterment ( â€Å"action† ) . ( See Figure 1 )Use of SSMInitially, the systems can be divided into two facets: proficient and human activity systems. However, human activity systems are much harder to pattern. The people ‘s place, people ‘s action and their relationship are involved. Therefore, it is more complex and mutable. Soft Systems Methodology places an accent on human activity systems. Furthermore, SSM is peculiarly used at the analysis phase of developing information systems. It is non a methodological analysis to cover all phases of the systems development life rhythm ( SDLC ) . However, SSM is extraordinary good at elaborating political and soft, people-oriented issues. Furthermore, it refers to job state of affairs instead than jobs. lAny composite, organisational, ill-structured, fuzzed, soft, and dynamic job state of affairsThe 7-Step Description1 The job state of affairs: unstructured The purpose of first measure is to understand the job state of affairs and addition as many different positions as possible. 2The job state of affairs: expressed Then is this phase, the research worker produces a elaborate presentation, a â€Å"rich picture† , of the state of affairs. Rich pictures show stakeholders, their duty, cardinal interactions, struggles, political issues and concerns. This measure is frequently done graphically. 3Root definitions of relevant systems After that, the root definitions of relevant systems are identified. Root definitions are intended to depict both political and personal premises. The root definition is frequently produced by CATWOE checklist in order to do certain all of import points are included.Client ( people who affected by the system )Actor ( people who convert inputs to end products )Transformation ( the alterations that take topographic point )Weltanschauung ( the relevant universe position or premises )Owner ( people who has the power )Environment ( the wider system or restraints )4Building conceptual theoretical accounts This measure is to pull conceptual theoretical accounts utilizing the root definition. A conceptual theoretical account exhibits the activities of the systems that represented in the root definition. 5Comparing conceptual theoretical accounts with world Compare and contrast the conceptual theoretical account with the rich image is considered in this measure. The purpose of is to look into the apprehension is right and whether the conceptual theoretical account can dress the job struggles. 6Assess whether the alterations are executable and desirable After comparing, suggested alterations are identified and evaluated.Those alterations can probably to change in desirableness and feasibleness: Desirability: Does it better technically? Feasible: Does it suit the civilization? 7Action to better the job state of affairs The recommendation will set into pattern.Analysis the CaseBackgroundBirths, deceases and matrimonies ( BDM ) in Salford Council has a long history. BDM office provides services such as registry a birth, decease or matrimony certifications, and aid with following household braid. As the services are more and more popular, the Salford Online Archive and Retrieval system ( SOLAR ) is introduced.Current Existing ProblemBDM staff reported trouble in covering with the clients during peek times.Long waiting lines developed at the response desk and the other service centres during popular times.Conflicts between the clients and staff happened.The contrasting demands of two different clients groups are hard to manage at the same time.Reasons why SSM is AppropriateThere are five major grounds why SSM is appropriate. First of wholly, the jobs of BDM office are decidedly organisational, ill-structured jobs. Soft Systems Methodology focuses on the human activities systems. And it is good at clear uping political and soft, people-oriented issues. After that, there are many different positions of the systems their demand in BDM state of affairss. SSM is besides such a methodological analysis that can cover with complex organisational and political job state of affairss where those involved lack a common understanding good. Additionally, the assorted facets of the jobs are extremely interrelated in the state of affairs of BDM. So if alteration one facet is likely to hold a enormous impact on other facets. As a systemic methodological analysis, SSM is helpful to develop such a moderately holistically understanding of the correlativities of the assorted facets of the job state of affairs. Furthermore, the intent of SSM is to transport out betterments in a state of affairs perceived as debatable. Meanwhile, SSM does non try to work out ‘the job ‘ but to ease a acquisition procedure which allows its users to bit by bit develop a more comprehensive apprehension of the state of affairs under survey. As a consequence, stakeholders are more likely to make understandings about what alterations in the state of affairs the involved parties can populate with. Finally, SSM uses a set of specific techniques and strict tools to see a â€Å"messy† job. Techniques contains†¦ †¦Application of SSMPhase 1 and 2In order to develop rich image of this instance, it is critical to derive as many different positions as possible.The stakeholders consist of clients, BDM Office staff, directors of the BDM Office, the possible spouses and the advisers of Salford City council.Client: We want to bask quality service and support.BDM Office staff: We were enthusiastic about the proviso of the call Centre services because it could liberate up the specializer resources, cut downing force per unit area and assisting to cut down the waiting clip for clients.Directors: We concerned on the current bing jobs and we can merely work out these jobs every bit shortly as possible.Potential spouses: We are interested in the proposals made by advisers which can do the populace services to be organized.Advisers: We concerned on more incorporate attack for future service development which can do the public service organized.Phase 3After set uping rich ima ge, root definitions of two relevant systems in phase 3 should be considered. The well-known CATWOE checklist will be used to place cardinal elements of the root definition.Phase 4Once the root definitions have been established, conceptual theoretical accounts that describe the activities should be conducted at phase 4. Therefore, the root definition of clients will be used to develop the conceptual theoretical account.Phase 5

Operational Analysis and Effectiveness Essay

Competition in a corporate world is becoming intense. That is why strategic plans for a business in order to advance from competitors should be given proper attention in a business. Operational Performance is one of the important areas in management that needs to be taken focus in a company. It is a complex task in handling the operations of the business. In a manufacturing company, the performance of its facilities can be measured through various parameters, considering the external constraints of the market and defining it to follow its strategy and vision. Performance is all about capability; it is about the future. In any business, operational performance is an important issue. In needs to be measured The focus of achieving results on useful products and services for customers inside and outside the organization is the major contribution of performance management. It emphasizes the objective not only implementing strategic plans but doing them in the most effective way as possible. (McNamara, 2007) The first thing that comes to our mind when we hear this term is the performance in terms of the manpower or basically, the performance of employees. However, performance management refers to the areas where man is involved. First, it focused on the organization. The different activities in a department are involved such as computer support, administration, sales, etc. , the processes that concerns the billing, budgeting, product development, financial management and other), the programs for employees such as implementation of new policies and procedures to provide safe workplace and training programs, the products or services to internal or external customers, the projects (automating the billing process, moving to a new building, etc. ) and the teams or groups organized to accomplish a result for internal or external customers. Critical outcomes and Its Cost In this field of management, there are several activities that can be problematic. These areas have huge impact on the whole system. Costs are involved direct or indirectly. The key areas for measurement that should be considered are the profitability, market performance, resource utilization and people performance. (Wright & Race, 2004) Other matters such as score cards, statistical process control and benchmarking. When performance reviews fail, performance management often conflicts with relationship management. Negative feedback doesn’t motivate; ignoring the subjective element in reviews undermines employee attitudes. (Simmons, 2003) Performance reviews often conflict with relationship management. Negative feedback doesn’t motivate, and ignoring subjective elements in reviews can undermine employee attitudes. In fact, Simmons says this primary tool designed to improve performance can, and often does, create the opposite of the desired and intended result. Instead, she suggests an alternative review system that takes into account the important emotional aspects. (Simmons, 2003) The core assumption of most performance reviews is that if you clarify the gap between current performance and desired performance that will drive improved performance. However, that’s not the case. Instead, reviews tend to amplify the quality of the personal relationship between boss and employee. (Simmons, 2003) Measurements are significant to provide analysis to a certain area that to be studied. These will give valid conclusions on the subject. It is important to find improvements and effectiveness of the activities. Design and Implementation of a Performance Measurement System The main reason for constructing a measurement system for the case organisation was to obtain a tool for developing the organisation. The purpose of the measurement system was to improve the circumstances and the organisation’s employees. In addition, the measurement system was designed for guiding the implementation of the strategy. While designing and implementing the performance measurement system, the special characteristics were taken into account. (Mettanen) In an operational unit, individual approach emphasizes on individual performance appraisal, goal setting, and feedback. Performance appraisal has been a subject of much interest to HRM researchers. Literally hundreds of articles have been written on the subject over the past few decades. Most of this effort has been devoted to characteristics of instruments and raters, with underlying goals to eliminate errors of bias, better understand performance-related information processing, and ultimately to improve rating accuracy. Research on performance management has included other individually-focused phenomena that may occur before, during, and after appraisal. These include planning processes and interventions designed to maintain or improve performance. For example, individual feedback and goal setting have both received much acclaim as ways to manage task performance. Characteristics including the specificity of feedback and the extent to which it includes both behaviours and outcomes, and the degree of goal difficulty have been especially associated with higher performance (Chhokar and Wallin, 1984; Kim, 1984; Locke et al. , 1981). The interconnectedness of goal setting and feedback has also been discussed. Tolchinsky and King (1980) and Bandura and Cervone (1986) proposed that the effect of feedback depends on the beliefs that such feedback generate and, specifically, on the goals that are set in response to feedback. A TQM-compatible Approach Under this approach, the activities are on direct supervision. Their reasoning was largely based on the problems discussed above and the degree of system contribution to variance in work performance. A system-oriented approach would be primarily oriented towards improving processes which affect the performance of all individuals within the system. For example, in a production area, workflow or other technological processes might be evaluated and then improved in such a way as to enhance the performance of an overall work unit. Forms of performance management which attempt to link individual- and unit level performance are consistent with a system-oriented approach and TQM philosophies. Such a linkage may be accomplished in two ways. First, in line with the work of TQM proponents performance management may focus on ways to evaluate and improve the work system. In essence, this involves an identification of the internal or external customers associated with a work unit and measures to determine the extent to which customers’ needs are being met. Group-level involvement is attained so that co-workers and management work together to determine potential chronic problems which may be causing performance variance within the system and low levels of performance in relation to customer needs. A second mechanism for linking individual- and unit-level performance is to focus performance management largely at the unit level in terms of appraisal and rewards. This would be in contrast to the more common existing practice of making fine distinctions among individuals when appraising and rewarding . Individual efforts in organizations must increasingly be integrated in a total group effort and output. This idea leads to conclude that the natural unit of analysis for appraisal in organizations should be the group rather than the individual. Although group level assessment raises potential problems associated with social loafing demonstrated how having group-level goals causes individuals to accept more difficult goals for themselves. Matsui et al. oncluded that by having group goals, members develop a sense of shared responsibility for the attainment of their individual goals. It was showed how membership in quality circles could increase the commitment and productivity of individual members. had argued earlier that the group could be used as a â€Å"medium of change† to ensure the control of individual behavior and performance. (Waldman) Corporate Performance Management methods intend to provide improved. Roles of Operations Manager The operations manager is in charge of the supervision of the operations within the system. First, there must be qualifications for the said job. Operations manager should develop strong analytical skills and a logical approach to problem solving. It is advisable for them to take additional courses in statistics and computer systems. The operations manager is in charge of a more technical side of business so he should know how to handle multiple situations and problems. And also he must be able to communicate with different types of people in various functional areas for him to implement his plans effectively on his subordinates. If he aims to reach the highest levels of operations management he must acquire a master’s degree (MBA). According to a survey to general managers at large, global business firms conducted by (Reilly & Reilly, 2002) , the performance system on their company can be described as the company strategy includes measurable goals that the company is trying to achieve ,the performance measures collected and communicated in the organization are useful to managers in running the business ,managers understand how effective measurement provides key support in the pursuit of corporate goals, an understanding of the consequences of performance results is communicated and understood and the current measurement system encourages behavior that is good for the organization. The methodology used to gather information on managers’ feeling about their performance measurement systems is a questionnaire administered to attendees of various executive education courses at the University of Michigan Business School. Respondents are mostly general managers at large, global business firms. Almost half come from countries other than the United States. The number, form and content of the questions have varied somewhat over the years, but the following conclusions represent a reasonable consolidation of the results. (Reilly & Reilly, 2002) Responding managers most strongly agreed with the following descriptions of their performance measurement systems as the company strategy includes measurable goals that the company is trying to achieve, the performance measures collected and communicated in the organization are useful to managers in running the business, managers understand how effective measurement provides key support in the pursuit of corporate goals, an understanding of the consequences of performance results is communicated and understood, the current measurement system encourages behavior that is good for the organization Survey respondents tend to agree strongly with the most general kinds of statements about performance measurement. Measures are seen as supportive of the business strategy. Managers are positive about the firms’ efforts to communicate measurement results, analysis and significance. They view measurement systems as an important contributing factor to the success of the firm. Responding managers most strongly disagreed with the following descriptions of their performance measurement systems as the complexity of the business is fully reflected in the detail and structure of the measurement system, the company understands and measures the specific aspects of value it creates for customers, investors, employees, suppliers, and other key stakeholders, the measurement system helps managers understand the interrelationships among business activities across all parts of the business, managers at all levels of the business measure and understand the extent to which their process activities contribute to creating value for stakeholders, performance standards are to a large extent determined from a comparison to external sources such as other divisions, competitors, or unrelated, world-class, benchmark companies. As managers get into thinking about their systems in greater detail, they become more negative about their performance measurement systems. They do not think their systems fully capture the complexities and subtleties of the operation of the firm. Interrelationships among measures are not made sufficiently explicit. The â€Å"line of sight† between measures of operating activities and the value-creation results for corporate stakeholders is unclear. Standards for measures are not externally-driven benchmarks. While managers are generally satisfied with the measurement culture, level of measurement understanding, and communication of measures and their consequences, they are less enthusiastic about the structure, content, and connectivity of their measurement systems. Why might this be the case? Three reasons stand out. First, managers support the concept of performance measurement because their experience has shown it to be a positive force in helping to achieve corporate success. The more one knows about measurement, the more open that person is in communicating results, and the more positive a person is about the role of measurement, the greater the chances of achieving the desired business outcomes. Ignorance, secrecy, and negativism regarding measurement are a sure recipe for failure. Second, managers who use measures on a regular basis understand the difficulties inherent in the performance measurement process. Sometimes, the thing being measured and the measure itself are one and the same. Cycle Time, Number of Units Produced, Number of Errors are examples. More often, measures are an imperfect specification of the underlying idea. Return on Assets is meant to comment on the efficiency of the use of capital, but assets are measured using the principles of accrual accounting and are thereby measured by historical cost, or perhaps, not at all. Third, managers know the shortcomings of their own systems. They are aware of the distortions that can be introduced through cost and asset allocations. They know there is a tendency to measure the things that are easy to measure, and to avoid measures that are more difficult. They have watched as others engage in activities that clearly hurt the firm but help a key measure, for example, avoiding value-creating investment because it would drive down Economic Value Added in the current period. Please ensure that measures at the individual level aggregate upwards to the organization level. If the business wants to increase sales or reduce unsafe behavior (Reilly & Reilly, 2002) Improving Performance Measurement Systems It is an indicator of how the business is operating. The key to improved performance measurement is the development of integrated performance measurement systems. Integrated systems are constructed around a unifying theme such as business strategy or value creation, and are concerned with measuring the critical aspects of the structure that links the activities of people and processes in the firm to the intended outcomes for the company’s stakeholders. Integrated systems embody the quality concerns of production, the customer satisfaction focus of sales and marketing, and the monetary discipline of accounting, among other corporate sub-systems. They use measures denominated by money, units, time, feelings and other expressions of actions and results. But they present all these dimensions as parts of a single, overall representation of all aspects of company activity. When there is need for a sub-system, measures are taken from the whole and applied to the part. Measures used in pay-for-performance schemes are selected from the complete structure in recognition of their ability to drive the desired behaviors and outcomes, and will probably be different for different parts of the company. Measures selected to represent the performance of a unit of the organization reflect the unit’s performance, the linkages between the unit and other organizational units, and the linkage between the unit and the firm as a whole. (Kaplan & Norton, 1992) The sophisticated structure of integrated performance measurement systems is highly beneficial to management, but it does not eliminate some of the basic difficulties of performance measurement. There is still the unavoidable disconnect between our desire to know the future and our ability to measure only in the past or present. Some of the things we measure today may have the power to give insight into the future, but future outcomes per se cannot be measured. It must also be recognized that businesses are highly complex organizations that offer far more opportunities for measurement than can effectively be employed by management. The challenge of reducing the required number of measures to a critical few will always be present. Finally, the relationships among measures denominated so differently defy mathematical representation. As a consequence, we must be satisfied with understanding rough approximations of the strength and direction of interactions among measures. (Kaplan & Norton, 1992) In spite of these difficulties, the benefits of measurement integration far outweigh the costs. A better measurement system helps align the actions of people in the organization to ensure they work together to accomplish the intended goals. A unified system facilitates the creation of a â€Å"single version of the truth†, which helps avoid conflicts and misunderstandings resulting from inconsistent data or inappropriate comparisons. Finally, an integrated system motivates individuals by conveying a sense of fairness and logic in the scorekeeping. Employees can seek to do their best knowing that the measurement system will accurately and impartially measure the contributions they make and the extent of their success.

Giuseppe Verdi

Derek C. Zimmerman The Italian opera was at an ultimate high during the romantic period. Many composers came to life during this period and became some of the most prominent composers of all time. Giuseppe Verdi who was grown up into the opera was about to find out what famous looked like. Over five decades he demonstrated his commitment to drama and composed 28 operas and many were a huge hit. Nabucco(1841) and Rigoletto(1851), a couple of the most famous operas by Verdi, provide details of how the life of Verdi was like which made these operas such a hit. One goal is to be able to prove that Verdi, through the use of his operas, used his life experiences as a story guideline in his operas. The last goal is to provide detail on how sacrifice and atonement of forgiveness were a force in Rigoletto. The purpose of this article is to provide research and background about Giuseppe Verdi and how he was able to provide his knowledge and skill to compose some of the greatest operas known to this day. Verdi played a very big role in the composition of operas, especially throughout the romantic period. Redefining the ways the opera was displayed, Verdi mainly used his vigour and drama intelligence that distinguished his operas from others. However, well ordered Verdi changed the inflexible traditions of bel canto musical drama, which flaunted vocalists to the detriment of emotional esteems. Verdi's virtuoso was to disassemble the framework while as yet giving the vocalists (and their gatherings of people) song and splendor in sufficient measure. The majority of this was in the administration of show, as Verdi constantly focused, and dramatization, as he saw it, rose up out of the association of individuals in striking, generally desperate circumstances.Beginning Years of Giuseppe Verdi Born on October 10, 1813 in Le Roncole, Italy, Giuseppe Verdi began his musical career in the very town that he was born. Verdi was born into the world by Carlo Giuseppe Verdi (1785 – 1867) and Luigia Uttini (1787 -1851). From age four and on, Giuseppe Verdi was given private lessons in Italian and Latin by the schoolmaster in the village, Don Pietro Baistrocchi, who then led Verdi to play the organ at the local church. By having Baistrocchi helping him study, Verdi was able to begin his professional career with music. According to Hussey and Kerman (2018), by the age of nine Verdi was standing in for his teacher (Don Pietro Biastrocchi) as the organist in the village church. (Hussey and Kerman, 2018). From 1832 – 1835, Verdi appeared to have adapted much about writing and legislative issues there and in addition antithesis and the components of the opera. Later, this was shown to be true because of the success of the opera Nabucco (1842). According to Hussey and Kerman (2018), â€Å"Nabucco succeeded as sensationally as Un giorno had failed abjectly, and Verdi at age 28 became the new hero of Italian music. The work sped across Italy and the whole world of opera; within a decade it had reached as far as St. Petersburg and Buenos Aires, Argentina. While its musical style is primitive by the composer's later standards, Nabucco's raw energy has kept it alive a century and a half later.† Verdi had taken a break briefly from composing due to tragedies in his life. According to Gregorio (2017), â€Å"his two children, Virginia and Icilio, died in 1838 and 1839, respectively, followed by his wife, Margherita, in 1840.† These tragedies definitely played a big toll on Verdi's life as he dealt with heavy depression. These issues made it very hard for Verdi to compose of operas. After a year of composing nothing, Verdi finally came out of his shell and provided Nabucco to the world in 1842. In Nabucco, Verdi was able to put these tragedies to use and show in the opera how Nabucco was struck by lightning and lost most consciousness and have memory issues. Some had thought that Nabucco was dealing with some sort of delirium. According to Cambioli et al. (2017), â€Å"Furthermore, the representation of Nabucco's mental illness in the opera could also have been influenced by direct experiences of Verdi himself, who seems to have suffered from recurrent depressive episodes in that period, and for the rest of his life.† (Cambioli et al. pg. 180) The Early Mid Years of Giuseppe VerdiThe new extravagance and profundity of Verdi's musico-sensational portrayal in these years, particularly however not only of ladies, may have created out of his association with his new wife Strepponi. She is frequently evoked regarding the thoughtful and brilliant depiction of Violetta in La Traviata (1853). The tunes were superior to anything any he had composed previously, the dramatization more tightly and all the more energizing, and the portrayal through and through unique. Rigoletto makes a critical specialized progress toward a sound introduction of the show in music, particularly in the acclaimed third act; there is less qualification between the recitatives (the parts of the score that convey the plot forward in impersonation of discourse), which incline toward arioso (melodic, verse quality), and the arias, which are dealt with less formally and dovetailed into their environment, once in a while subtly. (Hussey and Kerman, 2018). Rigoletto, being one of the most famous operas of Verdi's, communicated much differently than the other operas composed by Verdi. According to Forney, Machlis, & DellAntonio, â€Å"The epitome of Romantic drama and passion, Verdi's music for Rigoletto communicates each dramatic situation with profound emotion. A play by Victor Hugo, an acknowledged leader of French Romanticism, was Verdi's source of inspiration.† (Forney, Machlis, & DellAntonio, 2015) Analysis of RigolettoAfter the atmospheric prelude or short melodic prologue to the musical drama (does some other arranger do as such much to set up a passionate domain with so few notes?), we hear party music — dance music that is apparently commonplace and ailing in nuance. It couldn't be more unique in relation to the music of the prelude and is relatively stunning in its specific situation. What's more, it is surely not what a mid-nineteenth century gathering of people part ought to have expected toward the start of a shocking musical drama. Be that as it may, Verdi's expectation is completely clear: he needs us to quickly understand the indecent and licentious nature of the Duke's court with music as crude and foul as the court and its ruler. We come to find out towards the end of the opera that forgiveness becomes a factor due to the crude and foul behavior by the Duke (D'Costa, ; Pecknold, 2013). As opposed to have the vocalists showcase the expected decrepit quality (something that would have been unthinkable in Verdi's day), the author drives the group of onlookers' creative energy into making the fitting climate by making music profoundly suggestive out of an irreverent social affair of blue-blooded gathering goers. Overlaying this sensible gathering music are the principal expressions of the artists, an obscene discussion between the Duke and Borsa, one of his subjects, about the Duke's most recent successes. This sort of discussion would typically have been dealt with (surely by any number of other Italian arrangers of Verdi's opportunity) by more customary recitative. Be that as it may, Verdi love seats the discussion with regards to arrange music went with, under typical conditions, by a little band of instrumentalists in the wings or behind the landscape. Along these lines the writer gives the impression of a genuine gathering going ahead progressively directly in front of us. Verdi's nineteenth century group of onlookers, at that point, turned out to be a piece of the scene and was conveyed substantially nearer to the stage occasions. The change from the dance music to the primary number joined by the pit ensemble happens consistently as the violins enter in jumping octaves toward the beginning of Questa o quella, the tenor's first aria (MetropolitanOpera, 2013). These initial three or four minutes of Rigoletto may not appear to be so unordinary to us now, inclined as we are to hear this well-known music after somewhere in the range of 150 years of colleague with it. Be that as it may, contrast it and a portion of the more radiant minutes from this score (the Rigoletto/Gilda two part harmony from Act II or the renowned Act IV group of four, Bella figlia) and we get the point rather rapidly: this score is a long way from uneven, Verdi is basically throwing his music to perfectly fit the sensational circumstance. How about we go somewhat more distant in attempting to comprehend Verdi's melodic portrayal. Notice that the tenor's performance music is the greater part of a self-assured, glaringly tuneful nature. Questa o quella, Parmi veder le lagrime and La donna à ¨ versatile are for the most part precisely figured to convey the character of the Duke, whom we know to be a shallow, vain man whose primary intrigue isn't such a great amount of included with statecraft as it is in plotting his next loving success. We likewise realize that his Renaissance court is absolutist; he is a tyrant dug in the old monarchical framework whose retainers and subjects are under his total and direct expert. These sorts of political frameworks are, by nature, profoundly preservationist. It ought not shock us that, in spite of the fact that Rigoletto is an extremely test musical show for Verdi, there are more seasoned, more customary operatic structures still present: they are to be found in the music of the Duke, or in music with which he is included. The Duke has, for example, the main twofold aria (Act II's Parmi veder le lagrime being the moderate cavatina, and Possente love the imperative cabaletta) and the main strophic arias (Questa o quella and La donna à ¨ portable) in the whole score. (MetropolitanOpera, 2013).In any case, the genuine test operatically, drastically and musically is to be found in the character of Rigoletto himself. The entertainer at the focal point of Victor Hugo's play Le return on initial capital investment s'amuse was only the confounded, unordinary and abnormal character that Verdi was searching for at the time. With a character delivered from a maturation of doubt, cunning, distrustfulness and fatherly love, Verdi had a creation ready for the new sort of musical drama that he wanted most importantly to make. To the psyche of an average nineteenth century devotee, Rigoletto's first solo expression more likely than not appeared to be exceptionally interesting to be sure, as he would without a doubt have expected right now a twofold aria or even an unadulterated recitative driving us into the two part harmony with his little girl. Rigoletto's character is dealt with comparatively all through the whole work. Subsequently, with every one of his defects, he seems to be a standout amongst the most human characters in all nineteenth century Italian musical drama. Giuseppe Verdi Derek C. Zimmerman The Italian opera was at an ultimate high during the romantic period. Many composers came to life during this period and became some of the most prominent composers of all time. Giuseppe Verdi who was grown up into the opera was about to find out what famous looked like. Over five decades he demonstrated his commitment to drama and composed 28 operas and many were a huge hit. Nabucco(1841) and Rigoletto(1851), a couple of the most famous operas by Verdi, provide details of how the life of Verdi was like which made these operas such a hit. One goal is to be able to prove that Verdi, through the use of his operas, used his life experiences as a story guideline in his operas. The last goal is to provide detail on how sacrifice and atonement of forgiveness were a force in Rigoletto. The purpose of this article is to provide research and background about Giuseppe Verdi and how he was able to provide his knowledge and skill to compose some of the greatest operas known to this day. Verdi played a very big role in the composition of operas, especially throughout the romantic period. Redefining the ways the opera was displayed, Verdi mainly used his vigour and drama intelligence that distinguished his operas from others. However, well ordered Verdi changed the inflexible traditions of bel canto musical drama, which flaunted vocalists to the detriment of emotional esteems. Verdi's virtuoso was to disassemble the framework while as yet giving the vocalists (and their gatherings of people) song and splendor in sufficient measure. The majority of this was in the administration of show, as Verdi constantly focused, and dramatization, as he saw it, rose up out of the association of individuals in striking, generally desperate circumstances.Beginning Years of Giuseppe Verdi Born on October 10, 1813 in Le Roncole, Italy, Giuseppe Verdi began his musical career in the very town that he was born. Verdi was born into the world by Carlo Giuseppe Verdi (1785 – 1867) and Luigia Uttini (1787 -1851). From age four and on, Giuseppe Verdi was given private lessons in Italian and Latin by the schoolmaster in the village, Don Pietro Baistrocchi, who then led Verdi to play the organ at the local church. By having Baistrocchi helping him study, Verdi was able to begin his professional career with music. According to Hussey and Kerman (2018), by the age of nine Verdi was standing in for his teacher (Don Pietro Biastrocchi) as the organist in the village church. (Hussey and Kerman, 2018). From 1832 – 1835, Verdi appeared to have adapted much about writing and legislative issues there and in addition antithesis and the components of the opera. Later, this was shown to be true because of the success of the opera Nabucco (1842). According to Hussey and Kerman (2018), â€Å"Nabucco succeeded as sensationally as Un giorno had failed abjectly, and Verdi at age 28 became the new hero of Italian music. The work sped across Italy and the whole world of opera; within a decade it had reached as far as St. Petersburg and Buenos Aires, Argentina. While its musical style is primitive by the composer's later standards, Nabucco's raw energy has kept it alive a century and a half later.† Verdi had taken a break briefly from composing due to tragedies in his life. According to Gregorio (2017), â€Å"his two children, Virginia and Icilio, died in 1838 and 1839, respectively, followed by his wife, Margherita, in 1840.† These tragedies definitely played a big toll on Verdi's life as he dealt with heavy depression. These issues made it very hard for Verdi to compose of operas. After a year of composing nothing, Verdi finally came out of his shell and provided Nabucco to the world in 1842. In Nabucco, Verdi was able to put these tragedies to use and show in the opera how Nabucco was struck by lightning and lost most consciousness and have memory issues. Some had thought that Nabucco was dealing with some sort of delirium. According to Cambioli et al. (2017), â€Å"Furthermore, the representation of Nabucco's mental illness in the opera could also have been influenced by direct experiences of Verdi himself, who seems to have suffered from recurrent depressive episodes in that period, and for the rest of his life.† (Cambioli et al. pg. 180) The Early Mid Years of Giuseppe VerdiThe new extravagance and profundity of Verdi's musico-sensational portrayal in these years, particularly however not only of ladies, may have created out of his association with his new wife Strepponi. She is frequently evoked regarding the thoughtful and brilliant depiction of Violetta in La Traviata (1853). The tunes were superior to anything any he had composed previously, the dramatization more tightly and all the more energizing, and the portrayal through and through unique. Rigoletto makes a critical specialized progress toward a sound introduction of the show in music, particularly in the acclaimed third act; there is less qualification between the recitatives (the parts of the score that convey the plot forward in impersonation of discourse), which incline toward arioso (melodic, verse quality), and the arias, which are dealt with less formally and dovetailed into their environment, once in a while subtly. (Hussey and Kerman, 2018). Rigoletto, being one of the most famous operas of Verdi's, communicated much differently than the other operas composed by Verdi. According to Forney, Machlis, & DellAntonio, â€Å"The epitome of Romantic drama and passion, Verdi's music for Rigoletto communicates each dramatic situation with profound emotion. A play by Victor Hugo, an acknowledged leader of French Romanticism, was Verdi's source of inspiration.† (Forney, Machlis, & DellAntonio, 2015) Analysis of RigolettoAfter the atmospheric prelude or short melodic prologue to the musical drama (does some other arranger do as such much to set up a passionate domain with so few notes?), we hear party music — dance music that is apparently commonplace and ailing in nuance. It couldn't be more unique in relation to the music of the prelude and is relatively stunning in its specific situation. What's more, it is surely not what a mid-nineteenth century gathering of people part ought to have expected toward the start of a shocking musical drama. Be that as it may, Verdi's expectation is completely clear: he needs us to quickly understand the indecent and licentious nature of the Duke's court with music as crude and foul as the court and its ruler. We come to find out towards the end of the opera that forgiveness becomes a factor due to the crude and foul behavior by the Duke (D'Costa, ; Pecknold, 2013). As opposed to have the vocalists showcase the expected decrepit quality (something that would have been unthinkable in Verdi's day), the author drives the group of onlookers' creative energy into making the fitting climate by making music profoundly suggestive out of an irreverent social affair of blue-blooded gathering goers. Overlaying this sensible gathering music are the principal expressions of the artists, an obscene discussion between the Duke and Borsa, one of his subjects, about the Duke's most recent successes. This sort of discussion would typically have been dealt with (surely by any number of other Italian arrangers of Verdi's opportunity) by more customary recitative. Be that as it may, Verdi love seats the discussion with regards to arrange music went with, under typical conditions, by a little band of instrumentalists in the wings or behind the landscape. Along these lines the writer gives the impression of a genuine gathering going ahead progressively directly in front of us. Verdi's nineteenth century group of onlookers, at that point, turned out to be a piece of the scene and was conveyed substantially nearer to the stage occasions. The change from the dance music to the primary number joined by the pit ensemble happens consistently as the violins enter in jumping octaves toward the beginning of Questa o quella, the tenor's first aria (MetropolitanOpera, 2013). These initial three or four minutes of Rigoletto may not appear to be so unordinary to us now, inclined as we are to hear this well-known music after somewhere in the range of 150 years of colleague with it. Be that as it may, contrast it and a portion of the more radiant minutes from this score (the Rigoletto/Gilda two part harmony from Act II or the renowned Act IV group of four, Bella figlia) and we get the point rather rapidly: this score is a long way from uneven, Verdi is basically throwing his music to perfectly fit the sensational circumstance. How about we go somewhat more distant in attempting to comprehend Verdi's melodic portrayal. Notice that the tenor's performance music is the greater part of a self-assured, glaringly tuneful nature. Questa o quella, Parmi veder le lagrime and La donna à ¨ versatile are for the most part precisely figured to convey the character of the Duke, whom we know to be a shallow, vain man whose primary intrigue isn't such a great amount of included with statecraft as it is in plotting his next loving success. We likewise realize that his Renaissance court is absolutist; he is a tyrant dug in the old monarchical framework whose retainers and subjects are under his total and direct expert. These sorts of political frameworks are, by nature, profoundly preservationist. It ought not shock us that, in spite of the fact that Rigoletto is an extremely test musical show for Verdi, there are more seasoned, more customary operatic structures still present: they are to be found in the music of the Duke, or in music with which he is included. The Duke has, for example, the main twofold aria (Act II's Parmi veder le lagrime being the moderate cavatina, and Possente love the imperative cabaletta) and the main strophic arias (Questa o quella and La donna à ¨ portable) in the whole score. (MetropolitanOpera, 2013).In any case, the genuine test operatically, drastically and musically is to be found in the character of Rigoletto himself. The entertainer at the focal point of Victor Hugo's play Le return on initial capital investment s'amuse was only the confounded, unordinary and abnormal character that Verdi was searching for at the time. With a character delivered from a maturation of doubt, cunning, distrustfulness and fatherly love, Verdi had a creation ready for the new sort of musical drama that he wanted most importantly to make. To the psyche of an average nineteenth century devotee, Rigoletto's first solo expression more likely than not appeared to be exceptionally interesting to be sure, as he would without a doubt have expected right now a twofold aria or even an unadulterated recitative driving us into the two part harmony with his little girl. Rigoletto's character is dealt with comparatively all through the whole work. Subsequently, with every one of his defects, he seems to be a standout amongst the most human characters in all nineteenth century Italian musical drama.

The Secret of True Happiness in Life and the Concept of Change and Term Paper

The Secret of True Happiness in Life and the Concept of Change and Self - Term Paper Example The term paper ''The Secret of True Happiness in Life and the Concept of Change and Self'' is aimed at analyzing that there are a lot of new technologies that humans have invented on the basis of the knowledge that the people a 100 years ago had never seen or used. With the evolution of technology, people have become more and more materialistic. Also the term paper describes that everything has changed with time. Even our own thoughts, preferences, likes and dislikes keep changing with time. Just like we never look the same, we never want the same. As children, we live in a world of fantasy. As we grow up, we want to be important and lure ourselves. We want to gain power, money, and love. As children and young adults, we think that money is the solution to every problem, but as we age further, we get to know that money can’t buy happiness. We realize that happiness and satisfaction was never in the things we had always been craving for. Socrates said, â€Å"He is richest who is content with the least, for content is the wealth of nature† (â€Å"Socrates Quotes† 1). The paper suggests if being rich made one happy, no rich person would ever have been unhappy, but we see that it is generally the rich people who become the victims of depression and anxiety. Agreed that money helps us achieve our goals, but our goals may not always be what we really want. It is human nature. All human beings need satisfaction and happiness, and that is in selflessness. The sooner we realize this fundamental secret of life, the sooner we start to live a happy and fulfilling life.

What Make You Change Your Life Direction My Way Of Developement Essay

What Make You Change Your Life Direction My Way Of Developement - Essay Example It is irrefutable that our actions and decisions are largely influenced by our passions and motivations which, in turn, are developed through our experience. At one point in my life, I have seen how certain circumstances significantly shape my viewpoint and interest. I have learned that external factors do not necessarily change me but only reveals a part of me which I was never aware before. As a young child, I have always been interested in extending my knowledge and skills to other people through teaching. Recognizing that the new era emphasizes the integration of nations into a single global village with English as the primary language, I have been instilled with the determination and courage to cross the cultural and geographical barrier in order to pursue a TEFL (Teach English as Foreign Language) certification in the United States via the UCI Extension Program. I have originally planned to use the knowledge that I have acquired from the program in South Korea and this means establishing my own language institute. Thus, after getting a TEFL certificate in the summer of 2004, I also enrolled in Business Administration certificate program in order to furnish me with the skills necessary in running a business organization. After the program, I am blessed enough to be granted an internship at Merill-Lynch and this experience does not only enable me apply the theories an d knowledge I have gained from my business administration program in the real world but has become the major turning point of my life. My experience at Merill-Lynch has exposed me to finance and management, two disciplines where I have inclinations with. My rationale in taking the internship is to gain a deeper understanding of investment. I am particularly interested on how different investments generate returns to their investors. As an intern, I have been given the responsibility of updating and organizing earnings estimate data. Aside from providing me with knowledge about investment, this task has also exposed me to the intricate and complicated relationship between the different factors in the economy. My internship with Merill-Lynch has bestowed me a fascination of economics as well as its interrelation with the business arena. It is often incomprehensible how a single factor like the interest rate can bring huge repercussions in the whole economy, and how business organizations formulate their responses taking into account these developments. My internship has confirmed my innate passion and inclination on business and economics. My colleagues have been amazed by my unusual aptitude in these disciplines given the limited education and experience I have in these fields. My internship at Merill-Lynch has motivated me to further enhance my strength and competencies in the fields of economics and business management. I strongly feel that my career goal will be centered in creating a career path within these disciplines. After my internship, I have enrolled in microeconomics and macroeconomic classes. I also hope to gain a deeper understanding about international economics and trade considering the rapid elimination of trade borders among economies through the establishment of trade unions and free trade zones. I believe that our directions, illustrated by Newton's first law of motion, are truly the products and by-products of various external forces. However, I also believe that these external forces will only change our paths but will fail to completely change our interests. In my experience, external forces enable me to recognize and develop the strengths and skills which I fail to enhance. My passion for teaching has never wavered and I still want to extend the knowledge and skills that I have. However, I am also very passionate about reaching my full potential

Economics of India Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics of India - Research Paper Example There was also a transformational of India society and destruction of all structural barriers both foreign and domestic that inhibits the development. The second road led to the transfer of the power to the Indian supporters of traditional classes of imperialism. It led to the continuation of the integration into the imperial system of capitalism that was revolving around the metropolitan powers as a satellite. There was existence of development continuation and the underdeveloped development as a result. Since the Indian economy was controlled by the Britain, Indians had no independence of their own economy. This means that the British people were in dominance of the Indian Economy sectors. After the power transfer, the Indian Rupee was tied and dominated by the British Sterling pound. India thus became a sub-colony of the British imperialists after independence and the domestic classes that ruled enjoyed limited political power which depended and was within the domain of the imperi alists’ powers. European came to India in the 16th century and their main aim was to develop the prospects of trade. The government of British took control and Began to exploit Indians resources and drained of the wealth. The independence was gained after a much efforts and sacrifices by the people of India. India the immediately began to exploit their resources by planning of their needs and resources that is they planned the economic development. In order to achieve the desired level, liberalization and prioritization together was pursued. The economy was a mixture of capitalism and socialism and this has led to the current developed state of India.(Ghosh, 2011 ) As a consequence of the rapid growth and also liberalization , Indian companies have much been involved towards t he ‘look east’ policy that was initiated by India can be pursued with vigor .India is at sectoral dialogue partner of Association of South East Asia Nation .(ASEAN) These sectors includes t ourism , science and technology , trade and investment In the past two decades, it is poised that India will realize a faster growth in the years to come. In the years between 1950 and 1970s, the Indian Economy expanded by 3%. The rate if growth increased to 5.5 % in the 1980s. The rate henceforth increases by 1.2% in the years between 1992 and 1993. Reforms to open up the economy were therefore, embedded and embarked on from 1997-1998 and the growth had to drop to 5.5% and later to 4.4% by the end of years 2002-2003. The drop in the growth was due to poor rains impact which affected the agricultural sector output. In 2003-2004, there a gradual increase in growth which shifted to 8.2%. Such an increase is much needed for provision of employment opportunities for the population of India that is eventually growing. The purpose of the formation of the Indian manufacturing Competitiveness was basically lay down the policies and guidelines on challenges and the opportunities in manufactu ring markets of India and other emerging ones. For the India economy to grow, so as to distribute wealth across all of her people, manufacturing had to have a growth rate from the current standing of 17% to around 30% which require; firstly, production increase and plant level quality. Secondly, it is the pursuit of strategies and the operations of the manufacturing which are world-wide, competitive and lastly, the integration of the supply

Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 16

Poetry - Essay Example The first of these poems, Wilfred Owens "Dulce et Decorum Est," is a big example of anti-war poetry. The main theme in this dark poem is definitely war, and it definitely does not show it in a good light. From the very first lines, which describe a group of soldiers as "bent double, like old beggars under sacks, / knock-kneed, coughing like hags" ("Dulce" 1-2), it is clear that this poem is determined to destroy idealized visions of soldiers as glorious defenders of their country. The poem is filled with disturbing images of war, some of which are very realistic. An attack of poison gas is described with unflinching detail, telling how the soldiers, after "an ecstacy of fumbling / [fit] the clumsy helmets just in time" ("Dulce" 9-10). Owen also describes how the unlucky man who did not make it in time was "guttering, choking, drowning" ("Dulce" 16) and how blood was "gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs" ("Dulce" 22). The point of all this is not to gross out the reader, but to ar gue that patriots who "tell with such high zest / to children ... / the old Lie" that was is noble ("Dulce" 25-28) should reconsider their viewpoint. On the other hand, Edward Thomass "This is No Petty Case of Right or Wrong" takes a much more patriotic view. Although the poet seems to argue against war at first, with the lines "I hate not Germans, nor grow hot / With love of Englishmen, to please newspapers" (3-4), as the poem continues it grows clear that what he is protesting is not necessarily hatred of the enemy or love of ones countrymen, but what he perceives as shallow patriotism. This is clear by the end of line four, quoted above, that it is not just for newspapers, or for show, that the poets narrator loves his country. Indeed, for Thomas, it appears impossible to believe that anyone might feel otherwise. It is "with the best and meanest Englishmen / I am one in crying, God save England," he says (19-20), implying

Employee Perception On Commitment Oriented Work Systems Article

Employee Perception On Commitment Oriented Work Systems - Article Example The research attempted to identify the relationship between employee trust or loyalty to managers and employee’s in-role and extra-role performance in comparison with that of organizational commitment in the organizations. Due to the increased popularity of the idea of employee commitment, researchers in this study turned their attention to multiple commitments in that in addition to the organizations as a focus of commitment, other important factors such as management, performance, and occupation were incorporated in the study. There are several theories included in this study. For instance, McGregor’s’ theoretical differentiation between theory X and theory Y has been applied. Theory X shows employees dislike work, lack motivation; avoid work and external motivation such as punishment is used as a way of motivation. This, in turn, results in poor performance. Theory Y, on the other hand, states that poor performance cannot be attributed to human nature but to a n imperfect work system. Therefore, managers should realize that employees want self-control, self-direction, seeks and accepts responsibility. In turn, Theory X calls for use of a commitment oriented work system. The theory advocates for a universal employee preference for autonomy, self-control, and responsibility. Thus, an effective commitment HR system should fit these assumptions better than the control HR system. The experimental design in this study relied on variables such type of work and type of contract. These variables were efficient in that they presented the relationship that exists in the workplace when an employee knows the kind of work he or she does. The problem with this design is that it relied more on primary data. In this case, the results cannot be effective since it involves individual response. In addition, validity was jeopardized by experimental procedures, pretesting and differential selection among employees of the organization.

Understanding economic globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Understanding economic globalization - Essay Example Economic journals define globalization as a process by which national economies and cultures are integrated into an international economy so as to enhance international trade, direct foreign investment, migration, and technology sharing. It is generally argued that the concept of globalization greatly contributes to effective and rapid circulation of ideas, languages, and cultural ideologies since nations have liberalized cross-border trade regulations with intent to enhance foreign investment and cross-border trade for international business expansion.On the contrary, Deepak Nayyar strongly claims that globalisation has not led to a rapid growth and economic convergence in the world. He adds that this process greatly slowed down economic growth, caused the divergence of income levels, and widened the gap between industrialised nations and developing countries. Nayyar’s framework mainly compares the globalisation process of late nineteenth century with that of the twentieth ce ntury. Nayyar’s framework Nayyar tells that the term globalisation is used both in a positive and a normative sense, and hence it is a cause for confusion. According to Nayyar (2006), the word globalisation is used in a positive sense to express a process of integration into the global economy whereas it is used in a normative sense to describe a developmental strategy in the context of a rapid integration with the world economy. In the opinion of Nayyar, globalisation can be simply referred to a spread of economic activities across national boundaries. He clearly explains that the phenomenon of globalisation has three economic manifestations including â€Å"international trade, international investment, and international finance† (Nayyar, 2006). More precisely, this process increases economic openness, promotes economic interdependence, and strengthens economic integration in the world; and in order to get more clear ideas about the globalisation process, Nayyar descr ibes the terms economic openness, economic interdependence, and economic integration. Although globalisation and resulted economic openness facilitates flows of investment, services, technology, information, and ideas beyond national boundaries; this process cannot liberalise cross-border movement of people (ibid). In addition, Nayyar strongly argues that economic interdependence as a result of globalisation is asymmetrical. He opines that countries in the industrialised world are more interdependent while developing countries are highly dependent on industrialised countries. It also seems that countries in the developing world are less interdependent. A situation of interdependence emerges when the benefits involved in linking and costs involved in delinking are almost same for both partners. In contrast, when the derived benefits and incurred costs are notably different for both partners, it contributes to a situation of interdependence (ibid). By referring to these ideas, he stat es that globalisation has not much contributed to the economic prosperity of developing and underdeveloped countries. In the view of Nayyar, economic integration straddles national boundaries because importance of borders in economic transactions has been decreased as a result of globalisation related cross border liberalisation. To justify the argument that the globalisation has reduced the pace of economic growth and also caused some adverse effects on the economies, Nayyar points out a sequence of evidences. In order to strengthen his arguments, Nayyar refers to the point that global economy in the late 20th century and early 21st century (globalisation era) was very much similar to that in the late 19th (pre-globalisation era) century in many ways. He asserts that there were no restrictions on the movement of goods, capital, and labour across national boundaries during the early 20th century and hence governmental interventions seldom constrained economic activities. He tells th at the popularisation of steamship, the railway, and the

Police Brutality Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Police Brutality Law - Research Paper Example This essay will explicate police brutality in United States and delve into records of frequency, severity and ramification of police brutality exacted against civilians. Brutality Police brutality is one of those alarming human rights violations done by person of authorities against civilians who are possible suspects or those already serving their sentences as adjudged criminals. Roberts (2011) pointed that in youtube alone, an e-site containing video records, produced about 497,000 results when "police brutality" is subjected into the search engine. Roberts (2011) described that these videos either depict beaten women, kids and the aged or violent and bloody exaction of testimonies from unwilling suspects. Some testimonies of victims who were able to undergo sad ordeal revealed electrocution; suffocation, psychological torment or threat; emotional shocks; direct physical assault, and the like done by police with psychopatic and sociopath tendencies. Skolnick and Fyfe (1993) explica ted that police brutality brought along with it such dehumanizing intent by treating the target with such concealed venality and such degrading impact of violent torture. Roberts (2011) attributed this inhuman way of managing suspects, civilians and victims to militarist treatment as abuse of power. Those who are involved in police brutality tactics are characterized with such nastiness as they were trained to view the public, the people whom they ought to secure, as their enemy. To some extent, some police officers have made policing activity leveled beyond preservation of order into cyclical patterns of injustice as commission of human rights. Often logged without witnesses to corroborate the conduct of brutalities, Bandes (1999) noted that authorities would just label this as an incident which is either isolated, systemic, or part of a larger pattern to suppress a movement. Bandes (1999) explicated that police brutality are often portrayed by court as something anecdotal, fragmen ted and isolated from institutional pattern (p. 1275) reinforced by causes that could be political, social, psychological and cultural (Bandes, 1999, p. 2). Experts opined that victims of police brutality would have difficulty expressing such unfair victimization because complaints about it are discouraged due to dearth of evidences, lack of corroborative testimonies, records are expunged, and police records are purposively made inaccessible. Victims are also doubly confronted with difficulty in baring experiences out of restrictive evidentiary rulings, of judicial insensitivity to police perjury, of the law of omerta or total silence, of assailant’s immunity from punitive actions (Bandes, 1999, p. 7). Thus, there is perceived failure to correct endemic system of police lawlessness and adherence to violence, often directed to powerless and marginalized members of specific communities. Police brutality is not simply a violent act. More often, these are kinds of security manage rs who are in collaboration with groups and decision-makers who lacked respect to procedures that are legally provided. The prevalence of these cases on police brutality simply depict the need to address the problem not only at the institutional level but must be comprehensively rectified by in-depth investigation; of brutality cases demystification, and strict enforcement of the administrative laws to hasten the professionalization of police forces. Empirical studies based on

Malaria Essay Example for Free

Malaria Essay Malaria is a disease caused by various protozoan species that belong to the genus Plasmodium, with Plasmodium falciparum predominating in Africa, New Guinea, and Haiti and Plasmodium vivax in Central America. The disease is transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. Malaria has been regarded as one of the most important among the parasitic diseases of humans; it is transmitted in about 107 countries globally with a total estimated population of 3 billion people. It was also documented to have caused 1-3 million deaths each year (Fauci, et al. , 2008). In the United States, Canada, Europe and Russia, malaria has already been eliminated. However, occasional local transmission after importation of malaria has still been documented in several southern and eastern areas of the United States and Europe. This indicates that although these countries are â€Å"malaria-free† there still exist continual danger to non-malarious countries to contact the disease (Fauci, et al. , 2008). Moreover, despite considerable efforts, the cases of malaria have surged in many parts of the tropics for the past decades. In addition to this resurgence, the problem of drug resistance of the parasite and insecticide resistance of the vectors is also increasing (Fauci, et al. , 2008; Hay, et al. , 2002). The hot climate in the tropics is implicated as one the reasons for the prevalence of malaria in these areas; the increased incidence of malaria also coincides with the increased mosquito breeding and transmission during the rainy season. An epidemic could also ensue following changes in environmental, economic, or social condition. For example, heavy rains following drought or migration of workers or refugees from a non-malarious region to an area with high transmission rate could increase the incidence of malaria in a particular area. More importantly, the capability to shoulder the economic and health burden of malaria determines the success of combating the disease. The breakdown in malaria control and prevention services can intensify epidemic conditions and would usually result to considerable mortality among all age groups (Fauci, et al. , 2008). Although there are promising new control and research initiatives globally, malaria remains to be what it has been for centuries past – a heavy burden on the tropical communities, a threat to non-endemic countries, and a danger to travelers (Fauci, et al. , 2008). This is the reason why community based public health intervention is still very important. Prevention through the use of chemoprophylaxis should be encouraged and that these drugs should be made accessible and available especially to areas of epidemics. Chemoprophylaxis drugs prevent the successful infection of Plasmodium and are usually taken before going to an area with known malaria epidemic (Fauci, et al. , 2008). Moreover, the utilization of insecticide-treated nets and insecticides should be promoted to decrease frequency of mosquito bites particularly in malarious areas. Indoor residual spraying should be employed to kill the Anopheles mosquitoes resting indoors and thereby controlling the vectors of malaria (Najera, Kouznetsov, Delacollette, 1998; Greenwood Mutabingwa, 2002). Community health workers should also be trained to enhance their ability to handle malaria cases. This would not only increase the chances of successful treatment but the survival of patients with malaria as well (Greenwood Mutabingwa, 2002). Finally, the value of personal protection and the serious implementation of ways to eradicate breeding grounds of vector mosquitoes should be instilled among the people. Personal protection includes avoidance of exposure to mosquitoes at their peak feeding time, which is usually during dusk and dawns; the use of insect repellents containing DEET or picaridin; and wearing of suitable clothing (Fauci, et al. , 2008). Public health education should be carried out to effectively communicate the gravity, urgency, and impact of malaria on the personal lives of the people.

Black Men and Public Space Essay Example for Free

Black Men and Public Space Essay In Brent Staples’ personal essay â€Å"Black Men and Public Space†, he tells the readers what happen to a young black man in an urban setting. He pinpointed that people often stereotype you because of color, race, gender, culture or appearance. In addition, the author expresses to us that he notices the space between him and other people, such as women on the street. Some people may disagree that women set a certain amount of space when walking by a black man on the street. This statement is not true and public space is not about race, gender, color, culture, or appearance. Do we as a people stereotype other people because of race or gender? I believe that race plays a big role when viewing other people, either if were walking down the street or walking into the store. We have a specific view of people from other races and even their own. For example, a black businesswoman might stereotype another woman from her own race because she may not have the same attire as her or grew up in a different area. A white businesswoman might look down on another white women who make less money than her like she is no one, which is not true. But back to Staples’, he once said that a woman cast worried glance at Staples when she saw him walking down the street. Staples found this to be a little strange as he walks too close to the women she seems to pick up her pace of speed after a few glimpses of Staples. In this part of the essay, Staples had a sense that a woman who barely knows him was probably stereotyping him. In addition, he stated that when he would walk in front of a car when people were at a stoplight, men and women would lock their car doors. In recent news in the put exact month it happened year 2013, there was a famous story about a young boy named Trayvon Martin. Trayvon’s story can relate well with the author personal essay. Just like Staples, Travyon was a young African American boy who was stereotyped by the way he looked by someone of another race. The person that speculated young Trayvon to be dangerous was a Latino man, name George Zimmerman who was well over Trayvon’s age, and thought the young boy had a gun in his pocket and was going to shoot him. Zimmerman perceived Trayvon to be a dangerous threat to the person of a different race but in reality he was a young boy with a hoodie over his head and skittles in his pocket. Staples personal essay relates to this story because when he walks into a store or down the street people would look at him in a different light. Just because he is young African American man walking down the street or into the store doesn’t mean he will steal, kill, or rape someone. Instead looking down on people of other races than our own, we other need to be optimistic because not everyone is the same. People shouldn’t have to change their demeanor for other people not to be scared of them because of what they look like or their race. Brent Staples believed that the woman in his personal essay thought he was a rapist, mugger, or worse, he noted that there was a certain amount distance between him and women especially at night. This proves to show that when people are being stereotyped they pay close attention to gender as well as race. You’re less likely to be afraid of a black woman, or any woman, walking down the street at night. When the woman saw a black man it seemed as if she felt trapped and that the narrator closing in on her only made her more anxious and ready to run. Would the situation be the same if a black woman were walking behind her? I believe the situation would be nothing similar to what the narrator experienced. Most people see women as less intimidating than a man. I know if a woman was wearing a hoodie and walking behind me I would be less scared and intimidated than if a man was walking behind me. I think part of that is our perception of the opposite sex. I perceive men as stronger than women, no matter what their race is. It’s just the image that we get from the media, our parents, and our surroundings. Either way people are stereotyped everyday, it doesn’t matter if you are black/white or a man/woman. As a whole we need to stop labeling people by the way they look because one day we might mistake the wrong person that appears to be a good a person but in reality they are the rapist or mugger. So before you decide to give off any perception of anyone by the way they look, you should be optimistic and have an open mind towards other people, but still have guard up.

Marks and Spencer Mission, Objectives and Responsibilities

Marks and Spencer Mission, Objectives and Responsibilities Introduction Terms of Reference. The purpose of this assignment is purely for academic reasons; this assignment has been made primarily to complete the module of Business Environment under the course HNC Business (Management) which I am studying Aims and Objective The assignment attempts to identify mission, objectives and responsibilities of an organization with its environment. It investigates the economic, social and global environment in which the organization operates. It investigates the behavior of organization and the market environment. It explores the significance of International Trade and the European dimension for the UK business. Research Methods Mark Spencer Ltd web sites articles, news, case studies. Theoretical studies from different books and Handouts from my tutor. Personal academic knowledge about Business environment Mission, Objectives and Responsibilities of Mark Spencer with its environment Developing a vision, mission and values is the foundation for the log term success, as demonstrated by Collins Porras in Built to Last. Mark and Spencer mission statement as former times and still is Good quality for the penny whereby the penny turned bazaars into stores. Mission, Values, Key objectives and influence of stakeholders Vision A vision helps working in goal congruence. It comes from within as well as outside. It accomplishes the following Give a sense of the future Guides decision making and strategy Creates a platform with same purpose Laydown behavior guidelines Inspire emotion Reflects the values Mark and Spencer vision is to be the standard against which others are measured- Benchmarking Mission A Mission statement is a statement reflecting what the organisation business is and what key purpose is there. Mark and Spencer Mission are to make inspirational quality accessible to others. Values Values are the beliefs and norms of the organisation. They underpin policies, objectives and procedures as they acts as an anchor and reference point for all the activity in the organisation. Mark and Spencer Values are Quality, Service, innovation and trust amernassargooglepages.com/MS.pdf . Key Objectives Employee orientation Higher expectations that staff can contribute more to the organization. There is a need for succession management. As such developing a career path for employees. Its part of Mark and Spencer to attract, motivate and retain high caliber workforce to assist the transformation of the business and deliver improved performance. Organizational objectives Mark and Spencer is to regain their leadership in clothing and specialty food. This is to be achieving by translating their scale and authority into superior quality, value and appeal. Sales objectives Mark and Spencer belief that there is plenty of room for improvement in their sales per foot. They saw Return per foot as a key operational objective going forward. Stakeholders influence. Employees -Interested in Job security, financial benefits, and satisfaction Pursuit of systems goals rather than shareholders interest. Suppliers -Interested in Profitable sales, Payment for goods and Long term relationship -Response to risk refusal of credit, court action and wind down relationship Government Interested in Jobs, Training and Tax. -Response to risk Tax increases, Regulation and Legal action Pressure Groups Society Interested in Pollution, Rights and other. -Response to risk Publicity, Direct action, Sabotage and Pressure on Government. Achievement of stakeholders objectives by organization If a vision and mission is recognised by all stakeholders and affects every hiring, strategic decision and communication: its effect can be magic. (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() To achieve Stakeholders objective an organisation should be able to separate their interest from each other and as such act according to the power they exert in the organisation. Responsibilities of organization and effective they are in satisfying them Mark and Spencer does satisfies their stakeholders efficiently Employees They have a welfare department established in 1930. Their financial interest are safeguarded by bonuses and increases in salary upon job performance Their package of benefits are extended, such as interest free loans granted Opportunity of buying shares for the company at bonus or rights issue. Suppliers Always used UK based suppliers, ensuring consistent quality Relationship to built reliance on suppliers Life long relationship. Mutual dependability respects the specification and standard. Social commitment Strong tradition of Corporate Social Responsibility Sponsorship of Charities and secondment programs Community development efforts Government social projects. Environment friendly -Mark and Spencer became the first retailer to remove all artificial colours and flavouring from its entire food and soft drinks range- April 2008 -Mark and Spencer became the first retailer to launch school wear made from recycled plastic bottle -Despite tough economic conditions Mark and Spencer stick to Plan A. As it gives them brand and differentiation and as AL Gore said a sustainable business can be profitable one http://plana.marksandspencer.com/media/pdf/planA-2010.pdf Economic, Social and Global environment The economic problem is mainly because of unlimited wants with limited resources. It is basically how nations decide to spread or allocate their resources effectively and efficiently to maximise the production goods and services. Economic System-Allocation and Effective use of resources. To deal with the question of scarcity different countries use different approaches or types of economic system. Market Economy Private parties (Individuals or businesses) own a vast majority of land, factories and other economic resources. Centrally Planned Economy Government owns most land, factories, and other economic resources and plans nearly all economic activity. The Mixed Economy Balance between market forces and state intervention. Certain activities need to be regulated by the state while others can be left to the influence of the market. It comprises: A free enterprise- where economic decisions reflects the market forces Public ownership control of key central industries Welfare sector provide a minimum level of medical social and educational services for all citizens regardless of wealth. Impact of social welfare and industrial policy initiatives and the wider community. Benefit and Pension Mark and Spencer Once youve worked for MS for a year you are qualified for the retirement plan where you can save up to 100% of your pay in the plan and the company will match it with double contribution (limited12%). It thus provide a secure retirement and with options to transfer your investment when you On top of these benefits, MS also offer our people: SAYE Scheme to all its employees Have more holidays the longer you stay with the company The company also subsidized benefits such as health and care and dental care. Particularly in the UK, the push by retailers to meet the demands of a growing number of ethical shoppers has raised the profile of the ethical practices of businesses. Marks and Spencer, for example, is inviting shoppers to look behind the label at the sustainability of its products, as well as its labor, fair trade and animal welfare practices http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ec333092-f937-11db-9b6b-000b5df10621.html Benefit and Pension Government Maternity allowance, Paternity allowance and adoption allowance Benefit for those who do not meet the requirements for statutory payments. Child Benefit Paid to whichever parents the child live with. Child Tax Credit Tax rebate for couple who has children Guardian allowance Tax free benefit for a child whom one is caring for but is not yours Disability Living allowance- Child who has care needs or mobility problems. Housing benefit If your total income is below threshold and you pay rent you might be qualified for housing benefit. State Pension Regular payment people claims when they get to certain age. Job seekers allowance People who are not working or working less than 16 hrs weekly can claim this benefit. http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/mscareers/rewards_benefits The government also provide Fiscal and Monetary policies for stability. Fiscal policy tools used by the government to influence level of economic activity through changing taxation or govt. spending. It can be targeted to a particular group. Fiscal policy is ineffective when investment is sensitive to interest rates and attempts to offset the actions of the government. Monetary policy- is an attempt to control macro economic variables through use of interest rates. It is very weak when consumers are holding money rather than spending them when interest rates are very low Impact of macroeconomic policy and influence of global economy on UK organizations and stakeholders. PESTEL The External Environment Political Integration of EU AND Free Trade Agreement the market has opened up for British companies opening in Europe. Technology The introduction of e-commerce. M S promoting people to buy on line with incentives likes discount. It provides flexibility 24hr Economy Retail sector very sensitive to changes in the interest rates. Environmental Marks and Spencers commitment to the environment put them at them within the top ten green brands in the UK recently * Global Warming Social Changes in consumer taste and lifestyle give rise to new market and consumers but also threats in terms of social acceptance to alcohol Legal National Health and Safety National Minimum Wage Taxation Policy Use of renewable resources. SWOT ANALYSIS Mark Spencer STRENGHTS Reputation/Brand/Goodwill Market position Quality products Detail in supplier control Internet Shopping Simon Marks understanding of customers preferences and trends WEAKNESSES Lack of newness Clothing- segmentation Lagging to provide up to date fashionable clothes Using most British suppliers believing higher quality but low cost Competitors using overseas suppliers to cut cost OPPORTUNITIES Define target age group Store a new upbeat look Respond to customer taste and purchasing power Improve CRM systems to retain existing customers and target potential new customers. To go global and expand the business Use technology to improve their functioning and thus gain competitive advantage THREATS Loss of market share of intense competition Strong competition with Next same price product but more fashionable Discount stores like Matalan Threat from Giant Tesco and Sainsbury who penetrate in the market to supply added value. (http://bizcovering.com/major-companies/a-case-study-on-marks-and-spencer/2/) Stakeholders expectations developed according to changes in the market. For instance, MS brand loyalty concept is less likely to survive where there are several substitutes of same standard in the market. As such MS has to be creative and innovative and constantly reacting to the change in the buying behaviour of the consumers. Market structures, market forces and Competition commission and regulatory bodies Market structures deviate from model of perfect competition. MS which has long been in this perfect competition, a market situation of many sellers and many buyers with similar or substitutes product. The price is determined by supply and demand and producers are to sell their products at the price determined by the market. Being in such competition the firm should have the perfect resource to produce and distribute efficiently as it faces fierce competition. MS deviated from the perfect competition to an Oligopolistic market structure, with the heavy advertising campaign for its brand name. As they are selling same product like other key players like Tesco, Asda but differentiate with its brand. It relies strongly on brand awareness and loyalty in a competitive market; differentiate itself with the quality standard with other supermarket. Relationship between market forces and organizational responses. Porters Five Forces The Industry The five forces model provides a summary of the threats within the immediate industry. Suppliers Low in this Industry Dual Sourcing Strategies Rivalry Low Competitive In this Industry Bargaining Power Buyers Aggressive Pricing Strategy Substitute Premium Branded Food Sainsbury John Lewis New Entrants Low Price Low cost BHS/ASDA Porters Five Forces Behavior and competitive strategies, Competition commission and regulatory bodies. The consumers buying behaviour trends is reflected by an ageing population and the high number of women in the workforce. The increase in disposable income and the lifestyle changes recent years. The revolution of home internet users online shopping which call for multi-cultural marketing. (Deloitte:2005 Global powers of Retailing report).In the recent years because of fierce competition MS market share suffered a blow mainly their clothing segment. Unlike when you consider MS Competitor, Tescos strategies to penetrate the UK market. Tesco operated on the pile it High sell it Cheap formula the early 70s and thereafter launches the operation check out which cut prices across their product and differentiate themselves from their competitors. Then Tesco diversified there channel of distribution with Stores like Tesco extra, Tesco metro and as well as beginning to open petrol stations. The Competition Commission has asked the Government to impose an ombudsman on the grocery industry to rule on disputes between supermarkets and their suppliers. The request comes after it failed to agree a voluntary arrangement with major retailers Only Marks Spencer, Waitrose and Aldi backed the plan. The takeover of MS store card business of  £763m by HSBC has given the Office of Fair Trading to launch a competition investigation into the matter. Richard Fletcher, Executive Editor, Business Published: 8:20PM BST 04 Aug 2009 TELEGRAPH .CO.UK The Office of Fair Trading has launched a formal competition investigation into HSBCs  £763m takeover of Marks Spencers store-card business. The firm Freshfield might be under investigation for its work advising Philip Green for abortion bid for MS and the investigation will be carried out by the Law Society, which regulates the Britishs legal profession. International Trade and the European Dimension Importance of international trade, economic integration and global markets to UK business International trade is doing business across national borders and is the backbone of our modern computerized business world. These occurs mainly because of lower production costs in one region versus another, specialized industries, lack of surplus of natural resources and consumer tastes. Globalization is a process driven by international trade and investment. It is the trend towards greater economic, cultural, political and technological interdependence among national institutions and economies. The benefits of globalization are as follows: Reduces marketing costs New market opportunities Balance in level in income Access to low cost labor Access to technical expertise Access to production inputs. The main drivers for Globalization are: GATT WTO Regional Trade Agreements Technological Innovation As MS is growing global and international competition has presented new challenges. The company stress its global sourcing principles amongst its selected suppliers and further down the supply chain which sets a minimum acceptable entry standard. MS want their suppliers to raise their standard as well to reflect the internationally recognized standard thus differentiating them and enjoying the competitive edge. Impact of two policies of the European Union on the UK business organizations The Agricultural Policy has always been a tension between members state. The banned of the import of beef from the US by the EU. The EU responded illegally according to the WTO with a refusal to comply. The US retaliated by levying an import tax of $ 117 m on imports of food from the EU. (Source Undersatnding European Union 3rd edition Anforme 2002.) Such transactions would impact the UK US relationship, it would adversely affect the UK economy. Last year only one Banking company crash in the US and the effect is still felt and now one can imagine if the US starts implementing quotas, barriers and levying tax on imports from the UK. The EU directives affect the UK businesses; even the different bodies of the EU are not always unanimous about the directives set. For instance, Advocate General Leendert Geelhoed from the ECJ said that EU health foods directive infringe guidelines in his opinion. In the case brought forward by the industry groups the British Health Food Manufacture Association, National Association of Health Stores(NAHS) and Alliance for Natural Health(ANH) ahead of the ECJ. (Source :http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/441192- 13/04/05) The Economic implication for the UK of entry into EMU. The EMU was masterminded by Jacques Delores which is mainly single currency. The EMU is seen as a logical extension of the single market and as a way of making EU more competitive and powerful in the world market. The EURO ZONE consisting Lower cost for management of money Faster transactions across borders Elimination of exchange rate fluctuations. Market Transparency The impacts of EMU on UK economy are huge, since the major partners of the UK are members of the EMU. The Euro relative weaknesses against the pound and UK export to Europe more expensive and thus make it more difficult for UK businesses to sell their products. On the other side domestic consumers will buy imported rather than domestic goods. Government subjected the Five Economic tests before considering membership. Euro Zone economic structure compatible to UK Is the UK labor market flexible to meet the requirements of such development The effect of the Euro Zone on the financial investment in the UK. The effect of the single currency on the competitive position of the City of London. Will the EMU be able to promote such growth, stability and employment that the UK has accomplished by its own. 6.0 Conclusion and Recommendations MS has been a leading retailer in the UK, but went through a phase by 1988 which pushed the firm into crisis. By 2006 MS reposition themselves in the market but could not enjoy the iconic brand it once was. They were to face the UKS largest and most profitable retailer in 2006 TESCO. MS respond tot the challenge with a drastic changes in management structure. They have to achieve the right balance between the corporate values, strong market position and the innovation to stay competitive. They need to use their strength Brand and product quality to be enabled to sustain profitability and to be less vulnerable to changes in the market condition. MS is in a very highly competitive and sophisticated industry, as such the need to be aware of the fashion trends, customer increasing expectations and changing tastes are more than ever one of the most important factor for them to consider. The lowering of international barriers has encourage a vast choices of product available to customer

The Character of Caliban in Shakespeare’s The Tempest Essays -- Tempes

The Character of Caliban in Shakespeare’s The Tempest Caliban is one of the most interesting of Shakespeare’s characters. For centuries, scholars have puzzled over the meaning and importance of this central character. Who or what is this creature? Is he a man or a beast (Peterson, p.2)? Most of the people who have debated this question take the question itself at face value. Caliban is either a man or a beast. The other characters in the play dismiss him as a "poisonous slave," "savage," and "hag-seed" (Act 1, Scene 2), but that does not mean that the reader must do so as well. Let us take a closer look at Caliban the individual and evaluate the question of his humanity. In the end, I think we will see that Caliban is just as human as the other characters in the play. The first charge against Caliban is his shape. Prospero beckons him come by shouting, "What ho! Slave, Caliban!/ Thou earth, thou, speak!...Come thou tortoise!" Prospero does not even deign to place him among humankind; instead he is called "earth" as if he is part of the very ground-- the dirt that Prospero rules. Later, Trinculo calls him "A strange fish" and Stephano refers to him as a "monster of the isle with four legs." (2,2) Indeed, Caliban is never spoken of without some dehumanizing adjective added to the address. I would, however like to challenge the notion of his ugliness. During Shakespeare's day, there was a very narrow, very specific concept of beauty. For example, a woman was usually considered most beautiful if she was very fair. This showed that she was not exposed to the sun through any type of common labor and thus signified her gentility. To most of Elizabethan England, this concept of beauty was the only concept of beaut... ...ight not all be good ones, are, nevertheless, very human ones. In fact, most of Shakespeare's characters exhibit attributes far worse than Caliban's, yet their humanity is ever called into question. Consider Iago of Othello. Iago exhibited a startling lack of redeeming qualities, yet he was never called a monster. The only reason that Caliban should be called a "monster" lies in the only way he differs from the other characters-- his appearance. It is a shame that, while a modern audiences may question the treatment of Caliban, they do not often question the reason behind it, and by failing to do so, they, along with Prospero become slaves to their own preconceptions. Dale Peterson and Jane Goodall encompassed the lesson that we must learn from Caliban. They said, "By enslaving Caliban, we enslave ourselves. Only when we free Caliban will we free ourselves."

Legacies: Romans, Greeks, And Hebrews :: essays research papers

Legacies: Roman, Greeks, and Hebrews   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the ancient days, when culture, as well as civilizations were developing, many things came to be known as options for later cultures. Civilizations had different ways of doing things and therefore each of their cultures differed considerably. The Romans, the Greeks and the Hebrews all presented different legacies to the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Romans actually gave a legacy from their political, and economic systems. From the political system they gave us two forms of working government. There was the republic, which was made up of a senate, two assemblies, and consuls. They also had many forms of a dictatorship. The dictatorship was made of a dictator, who had complete control over the people, because the dictator usually controlled the army. From the Romans economic system, we gained their great knowledge of architecture. The Romans were great builders and put the arch to much use.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Greeks gave us one of the first forms of democracy, and a well developed navy. Athens, one of the most powerful city-states in Greece had a form of government called a direct-democracy, which is where the citizens directly interact with government affairs. The other legacy of the Greeks was their Navy. The navy was mostly utilized by Athens in their struggle against Sparta. It served as a useful way to fight and transport armies across seas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main legacy of the Hebrews was religion. They brought in the idea of monotheism which is still used today in religions such as Christianity and Judaism. The Hebrews governement was very much based on religion and the laws passed to them by God. The Ten Commandments were passed to the Hebrews by God, Legacies: Romans, Greeks, And Hebrews :: essays research papers Legacies: Roman, Greeks, and Hebrews   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the ancient days, when culture, as well as civilizations were developing, many things came to be known as options for later cultures. Civilizations had different ways of doing things and therefore each of their cultures differed considerably. The Romans, the Greeks and the Hebrews all presented different legacies to the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Romans actually gave a legacy from their political, and economic systems. From the political system they gave us two forms of working government. There was the republic, which was made up of a senate, two assemblies, and consuls. They also had many forms of a dictatorship. The dictatorship was made of a dictator, who had complete control over the people, because the dictator usually controlled the army. From the Romans economic system, we gained their great knowledge of architecture. The Romans were great builders and put the arch to much use.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Greeks gave us one of the first forms of democracy, and a well developed navy. Athens, one of the most powerful city-states in Greece had a form of government called a direct-democracy, which is where the citizens directly interact with government affairs. The other legacy of the Greeks was their Navy. The navy was mostly utilized by Athens in their struggle against Sparta. It served as a useful way to fight and transport armies across seas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main legacy of the Hebrews was religion. They brought in the idea of monotheism which is still used today in religions such as Christianity and Judaism. The Hebrews governement was very much based on religion and the laws passed to them by God. The Ten Commandments were passed to the Hebrews by God,