SC1067C Trends in Contemporary Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

SC1067C Trends in Contemporary Society - Essay Example It is sad but true that one out of five in the Britain's population is affected by poverty. Nearly Thirteen million people live below poverty line in the UK. That is a massive amount to be dealt by government and non-governmental organisations. A new report estimates that over five million people live in absolute poverty in Britain. The survey took its definition of absolute poverty from a 1995 United Nations statement which defines it as "a condition characterised by severe deprivation of basic human needs." The UN statement defined anyone lacking three or more of the following items as living in absolute poverty: food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and access to social security benefits. "The survey, Breadline Europe: The Measurement of Poverty researched measurements of poverty across the continent and concluded that there were drastic levels of increase of poverty in the UK."(Robert Stevens, 2001) As per Oxfam, an NGO working towards elimination of poverty in Britain, "3.8 million children in the UK are living in poverty. 2.2 million, pensioners in the UK are living in poverty. 7.2 million, working age adults in the UK are living in poverty. 70% of Bangladeshi children in the UK are poor. Women are the majority in the poorest groups. London has a higher proportion of people living in poverty than any other region in the UK." These statistics are shocking but true. The UK is trying hard to fight against the social stigma called poverty. The question arises that what poverty means in the UK. An average family affected by poverty does not have enough to eat, unable to heat their homes, does not have adequate warm clothing, and enough money to cope with unforeseen events. They are struggling more than the rest of us to get a proper education, a decent job and make real choices about what they want to do with their lives. And to top it off, most of them face situations where they are being looked down upon and discriminated because of their situation. Poverty in the UK exists alongside high economic prosperity in a wealthy country. This has lead to large disparities in income and wealth. It has a negative impact on people living on low-incomes. The latest income inequality data for the UK suggests that over the last decade inequality has been pretty much unchanged. Analysis from the Office of National Statistics says the UK's Gini coefficient, which is an internationally accepted measure for measuring inequalities in household income, climbed in 2005/06 after falling between 2001 and 2005. The reason is more unequal distribution of earnings from employment and self-employment, rather than a result of changes in taxes and benefits payments. The Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) has investigated some of the possible explanations for the higher level of inequality that has persisted since the late 1980s. They include an increase in the gap between wages for skilled and unskilled workers, perhaps because of technology change; the decline in trade union power; and falling participation in the labour market by male workers (who are higher paid on average than female workers). Poverty is caused by circumstances beyond an individual's control like gender, nationality, ethnic origin etc. All over the world, women and people from ethnic minority groups are likely to be poorer than the general population. The same is true in the UK. As per Oxfam, "Sixty-nine per cent of Bangladeshi and

Socrates guilty or not Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Socrates guilty or not - Essay Example Socrates was convicted with four charges which stated that Socrates studied things up above in the heavens and below the earth, and was capable of making the worse of the arguments appear as the strongest ones owing to his eloquence, which he denies upfront. Furthermore, Socrates was accused of corrupting the mind of the youth of Athens, this charge was a consequence of the prior charges, and he was regarded as an evil doer, who made the youth follow in his evil plans; all this three charges culminated in the claim of the prosecutors that Socrates denied their gods and on the contrary had created gods of his own, and thus called him an atheist (Academic.mu, 2010, 1). Socrates defended himself and negated all these claims; however it is debatable as to whether he had managed to grasp the attention of the jurors, but even if he did, he angered them by proposing the alternate punishment for himself, which showed that he did not fear the jury or the prosecutors or death. Socrates respond ed to all these charges from the prosecutors in a detailed and complicated manner, which is rather confusing and leads the people away from the actual context, like other dialogues of Socrates narrated by Plato, such as ‘Euthyphro’ (Jowett 2008). The response of Socrates managed to make the prosecutors to agree to his denial, he rounded the argument in such a manner as to confuse others. He claimed that the charges against him were false, and levied by people who were personally angered by Socrates, and they were not knowledgeable and wise, and were careless of their people, and did not actually worry about the Athenians, but rather the reputation damage that Socrates caused them by calling them unwise. In order to take revenge from Socrates and teach him and other people who deviate from their orders that they would not be spared by them or the court, and therefore the trial of Socrates resulted in a death penalty which was approved by the majority of the jurors. Socrates

Comparative Study of Bajaj and Hero Honda

Comparative Study of Bajaj and Hero Honda Bajaj Auto limited is one of the largest two wheeler manufacturing company in India apart from producing two wheelers they also manufacture three wheelers. The company had started way back in 1945. Initially it used to import the two wheelers from outside, but from 1959 it started manufacturing of two wheelers in the country. By the year 1970 Bajaj Auto had rolled out their 100,000th vehicle. Bajaj scooters and motor cycles have come an integral part of the Indian milieu and over the years have come to represent the aspirations of modern India. Bajaj Auto also has a technical tie up with Kawasaki heavy industries of Japan to produce the latest motorcycles in India which are of world class quality The Bajaj Kawasaki eliminator has emerged straight out of the drawing board of Kawasaki heavy industries. The core brand values of Bajaj Auto limited includes Learning, Innovation, Perfection, Speed and Transparency. Bajaj Auto has three manufacturing units in the country at Akurdi, Waluj and Chakan in Maharashtra, western India, which produced 2,314,787 vehicles in 2005-06. The sales are backed by a network of after sales service and maintenance work shops all over the country. Bajaj Auto has products which cater to every segment of the Indian two wheeler market Bajaj CT 100 Dlx offers a great value for money at the entry level. Similarly Bajaj Discover 125 offers the consumer a great performance without making a big hole in the pocket. Registered under the Indian Companies Act, VII of 1913 REGISTERED OFFICE Akurdi, Pune 411 035 WORKS Akurdi, Pune 411 035 Bajaj Nagar, Waluj Aurangabad 431 136 Chakan Industrial Area, Chakan, Pune 411 501 Type Public Founded 1945 Headquarter Pune, India Key  people Rahul Bajaj(Chairman) Revenue Rs. 1,01,063 billion (2006) or USD1.87 billion Net income Rs. 17,016 billion Employees Website www.bajajauto.com Bajaj Auto is a major Indian automobile manufacturer. It is Indias largest and the worlds 4th largest two- and three-wheeler maker. It is based in Pune, Maharashtra, with plants in Waluj near Aurangabad, Akurdi and Chakan, near Pune. Bajaj Auto makes motorscooters, motorcycles and the auto rickshaw. Contents 1HYPERLINK ../../../../../../../../C:/Documents and Settings/CIET/My Documents/Bajaj vs Hero Honda/New Folder/Bajaj_Auto.htm#Company.27s_history#Company.27s_historyCompanyHYPERLINK ../../../../../../../../C:/Documents and Settings/CIET/My Documents/Bajaj vs Hero Honda/New Folder/Bajaj_Auto.htm#Company.27s_history#Company.27s_historyHYPERLINK ../../../../../../../../C:/Documents and Settings/CIET/My Documents/Bajaj vs Hero Honda/New Folder/Bajaj_Auto.htm#Company.27s_history#Company.27s_historys history 1.1HYPERLINK ../../../../../../../../C:/Documents and Settings/CIET/My Documents/Bajaj vs Hero Honda/New Folder/Bajaj_Auto.htm#Timeline_of_new_releases#Timeline_of_new_releasesTimeline of new releases 2HYPERLINK ../../../../../../../../C:/Documents and Settings/CIET/My Documents/Bajaj vs Hero Honda/New Folder/Bajaj_Auto.htm#Scooters#ScootersScooters 3HYPERLINK ../../../../../../../../C:/Documents and Settings/CIET/My Documents/Bajaj vs Hero Honda/New Folder/Bajaj_Auto.htm#Motorcycles#MotorcyclesMotorcycles 4HYPERLINK ../../../../../../../../C:/Documents and Settings/CIET/My Documents/Bajaj vs Hero Honda/New Folder/Bajaj_Auto.htm#Upcoming_Models#Upcoming_ModelsUpcoming Models 5HYPERLINK ../../../../../../../../C:/Documents and Settings/CIET/My Documents/Bajaj vs Hero Honda/New Folder/Bajaj_Auto.htm#New_Image#New_ImageNew Image 6HYPERLINK ../../../../../../../../C:/Documents and Settings/CIET/My Documents/Bajaj vs Hero Honda/New Folder/Bajaj_Auto.htm#Forbes_Global_2000_Ranking_-_2005#Forbes_Global_2000_Ranking_-_2005Forbes Global 2000 Ranking 2005 7HYPERLINK ../../../../../../../../C:/Documents and Settings/CIET/My Documents/Bajaj vs Hero Honda/New Folder/Bajaj_Auto.htm#External_links#External_linksExternal links 8HYPERLINK ../../../../../../../../C:/Documents and Settings/CIET/My Documents/Bajaj vs Hero Honda/New Folder/Bajaj_Auto.htm#References#ReferencesReferences Companys history Bajaj Auto came into existence on November 29, 1945 as M/s Bachraj Trading Corporation Private Limited. It started off by selling imported two- and three-wheelers in India. In 1959, it obtained license from the Government of India to manufacture two- and three-wheelers and it went public in 1960. In 1970, it rolled out its 100,000th vehicle. In 1977, it managed to produce and sell 100,000 vehicles in a single financial year. In 1985, it started producing at Waluj in Aurangabad. In 1986, it managed to produce and sell 500,000 vehicles in a single financial year. In 1995, it rolled out its ten millionth vehicle and produced and sold 1 million vehicles in a year. Timeline of new releases 1971 three-wheeler goods carrier 1972 Bajaj Chetak 1976 Bajaj Super 1977 Rear engine Autorickshaw 1981 Bajaj M-50 1986 Bajaj M-80, Kawasaki Bajaj KB100 1990 Bajaj Sunny 1994 Bajaj Classic 1995 Bajaj Super Excel 1997 Kawasaki Bajaj Boxer, Rear Engine Diesel Autorickshaw 1998 Kawasaki Bajaj Caliber, Legend(Indias first four-stroke scooter) 2000 Bajaj Saffire 2001 Eliminator, Pulsar 2003 Caliber115, Bajaj Wind 125, Bajaj Pulsar 2004 Bajaj CT 100, New Bajaj Chetak 4-stroke with Wonder Gear, Bajaj Discover DTS-i 2005 Bajaj Wave, Bajaj Avenger, Bajaj Discover 2006 Bajaj Platina 2007 Bajaj Pulsar-200 Upcoming Models Bajaj Pulsar 220 DTS-Fi Bajaj Krystal Bajaj Blade Bajaj Sonic New Image The company, over the last decade has successfully changed its image from a scooter manufacturer to a two wheeler manufacturer, product range ranging from Scooterettes to Scooters to Motorcycle. Its real growth in numbers has come in the last 4 years after successful introduction of a few models in the motorcycle segment.The company is headed by Rahul Bajaj who is worth more than US$1.5 billion. History of Hero Honda India has the largest number of two wheelers in the world with 41.6 million vehicles. India has a mix of 30 percent automobiles and 70 percent two wheelers in the country. India was the second largest two wheeler manufacturer in the world starting in the 1950à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s with the birth of Automobile Products of India (API) that manufactured scooters. API manufactured the Lambrettas but, another company, Bajaj Auto Ltd. surpassed API and remained through the turn of the century from its association with Piaggio of Italy (manufacturer of Vespa). The license raj that existed between the1940s to1980s in India, did not allow foreign companies to enter the market and imports were tightly controlled. This regulatory maze, before the economic liberalization, made business easier for local players to have a sellerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s market. Customers in India were forced to wait 12 years to buy a scooter from Bajaj. The CEO of Bajaj commented that he did not need a marketing department, only a dispatch department. By the year 1990, Bajaj had a waiting list that was twenty-six times its annual output for scooters. The motorcycle segment had the same long wait times with three manufacturers; Royal Enfield, Ideal Jawa, and Escorts. Royal Enfield made a 350cc Bullet with the only four-stroke engine at that time and took the higher end of the market but, there was little competition for their customers. Ideal Jawa and Escorts took the middle and lower end of the market respectively. In the mid-1980s, the Indian government regulations changed and permitted foreign companies to enter the Indian market through minority joint ventures. The two-wheeler market changed with four Indo-Japanese joint ventures: Hero Honda, TVS Suzuki, Bajaj Kawasaki and Kinetic Honda. The entry of these foreign companies changed the Indian market dynamics from the supply side to the demand side. With a larger selection of two-wheelers on the Indian market, consumers started to gain influence over the products they bought and raised higher customer expectations. Hero Honda Motorcycles Limited is an Indian manufacturer of motorcycles and scooters. Hero Honda is a joint venture that began in 1984 between the Hero group of India and Honda from Japan. It has been the worlds biggest manufacturer of 2-wheeled motorized vehicles since 2001, when it produced 1.3 million motorbikes in a single year. Hero Hondas Splendor is the worlds largest selling motorcycle[.Its 2 plants are in Dharuhera and Gurgaon, both in Haryana, India. It specializes in dual use motorcycles that are low powered but very fuel efficient. Contents 1HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#Models HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#ModelsModels 1.1HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#Bikes HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#BikesBikes 2HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#Company_Profile HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#Company_ProfileCompany Profile 2.1HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#Just-in-Time HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#Just-in-TimeJust-in-Time 2.2HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#Ancillarisation HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#AncillarisationAncillarisation 2.3HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#Dealer_Network HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#Dealer_NetworkDealer Network 2.4HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#Financial_Planning HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#Financial_PlanningFinancial Planning 2.5HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#Quality HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#QualityQuality 2.6HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#Diversification HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#DiversificationDiversification 3HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#External_links HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda#External_linksExternal links [ Models ] Bikes Hero Honda Splendor Plus Hero Honda Passion Plus Hero Honda Karizma Hero Honda CBZ Hero Honda Super Splendor Hero Honda CD Dawn Hero Honda CD Deluxe Hero Honda Glamour MARKETING :s agents from Hero travels to all the corners of the country, visiting dealers and send back daily postcards with information on the stock position that day, turnover, fresh purchases, anticipated demand and also competitor action in the region. The manufacturing units have a separate department to handle dealer complaints and problems and the first response is always given in 24 hours. HYPOTHESIS [Financial Planning] The Hero Group benefits from the Group Chairmans financial acumen and his grasp on technology, manufacturing and marketing. Group Company, Hero Cycles Limited has one of the highest labor productivity rates in the world. In Hero Honda Motors Limited, the focus is on financial and raw material management and a low employee turnover. [ Quality ] Quality at Hero is attained not just by modern plants and equipment and through latest technology, but by enforcing a strict discipline. At the Group factories, attaining quality standards is an everyday practice a strictly pursued discipline. It comes from an amalgamation of the latest technology with deep-rooted experience derived from nearly four decades of hard labor. It is an attitude that masters the challenge of growth and change change in consumers perceptions about products and new aspirations arising from a new generation of buyers. Constant technology up gradation ensures that the Group stays in the global mainstream and maintains its competitive edge. With each of its foreign collaborations, the Group goes onto strengthen its quality measures as per the book. The Group also employs the services of independent experts from around the world to assist in new design and production processes. [ Diversification ] Throughout the years of enormous growth, the Group Chairman, Mr. Lall has actively looked at diversification. A considerable level of backward integration in its manufacturing activities has been ample in the Groups growth and led to the establishment of the Hero Cycles Cold Rolling Division, Munjal and Sunbeam Castings, Munjal Auto Components and Munjal Showa Limited amongst other component-manufacturing units. OUTCOMES After the data has been collected, it was tabulated and findings of the project were presented followed by analysis and interpretation to reach certain conclusions. Q-1 Which Model do you Have? Hero Honda Bajaj Splender 21 CT 100 7 Passion 13 Discover 12 Karizma 7 Pulsar 11 Any other 6 Any other 8 Q-2 In which family Income level do you Fall? 100000-200000 22 200000-300000 45 300000-400000 23 above 400000 10 Q-3 How would you rate the following factors of Bikes with respect to different company? Hero Honda Bajaj Mileage 74% 72% Price 68% 65% Pick up 70% 80% Maintenance 58% 62% Look Shape 85% 80% Brand Image 53% 55% Conclusion Most of the Pulsar, CBZ Karizma are purchased by young generation 18 to 30 because they prefer stylish looks and rest of the models of Hero Honda are purchased more by daily users who needs more average of bikes than looks. Hero Honda is considered to be most fuel-efficient bike on Indian roads. Service Spare parts are available throughout India in local markets also. While buying a motorcycle, economy is the main consideration in form of maintenance cost, fuel efficiency. Majority of the respondent had bought their motorcycle more than 3 years. RECOMMENDATIONS Bajaj should introduce some more models having more engine power. Hero Honda should think about fuel efficiency in case of upper segment bikes. More service centers should be opened. Maintenance cost and the availability of the spare parts should also be given due importance. They also introduce some good finance/discount schemes for students. The price should be economic.

The Hobbit by JRR Tolkein :: essays research papers

The Hobbit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book began with Biblo Baggins smoking a pipe after breakfast. This is one of his favorite things to do and he feels good in doing it. He is middle-aged, and lives in a burrow in the ground. One morning Gandalf, a wizard stops by to talk with Biblo. He tells Biblo that he is looking for someone to go on an adventure with him. Although Biblo is tempted he decides not to go, but invites Gandalf for tea the next morning. The next day Biblo hears his doorbell and he remembers inviting Gandalf for tea, but instead of finding the wizard at the door, he finds 13 dwarves. Thorin son of the dwarf king starts to make a plan on how to regain the treasure stolen by the dragon Smaug. Biblo is shocked that these plans involve him. He then realizes that Gandalf has tricked him by writing on his door that he was a burglar looking for an exciting job. With all the talk of quests and glory Biblo decides to join the group on their adventure. Gandalf reveals a key and a map of th eir journey to the Lonely Mountain. It is there, that Smaug guards the treasure of Thorin's ancestors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The journey begins and the group meets at the Green Dragon Inn. From there they travel into the Lone-lands. As heavy rains begin to fall, Biblo sees that Gandalf is missing. When it starts to pour they stop to investigate a light. Their Biblo finds three trolls grumbling about food. Biblo decides to live up to title of burglar and tries to pickpocket one of the trolls. However they quickly catch him. The dwarfs see what's going on and try to save Biblo but all of them except Thorin are caught. Thorin creates a plan to free them but fails. Gandalf returns and keeps the trolls attention till dawn, and then they turn into stone. The group takes the two swords and a knife that the trolls were carrying.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The travelers come across the Secret Valley. There they stop at Elrond's Last Homely House. Elrond tells them the only way to use the key that Thorin has is to wait where the thrush knocks and the setting sun will shine up on the keyhole. The next morning the group heads toward the Misty Mountains. A storm has caused them to look for shelter in a cave.

Marketing and Strategy †Organic Food Essay

One of the most significant forces in changing consumer needs that current marketers face are the ever increasing environmental issues that people are becoming aware of. Consumers are interested in how goods are produced,especially in the food market where there is the increasing issue of labour exploitation and genetic modification. This has gained a lot of momentum in recent years with the growth of the Organic sector and ? Fair Trade’ products. In 2004, the retail market for organic products in the UK was worth an estimated ? 1. 213 billion, and 11% increase on 2003, (Soil Association’s Organic Market Report, 2005). This notion is backed up by Mintel, â€Å"In most of the consumer research we carry out around a quarter of consumers are concerned about green matters, seek out fair trade products or healthy ranges of foods. That is a substantial proportion of the customer base of any food retailer and so cannot be ignored† (UK retail briefing-Household goods focus, 2006). Genetically Modified & Organic Food A genetically modified (GM) food is a food product that has been developed by having specific genes inserted into it to gain a desirable quality. The first GM food to hit the shelves were GM tomatoes which appeared in 1996 in British supermarkets, however, it was not until 1999 that the public scare hit. In a recent survey, one third of people said they would never buy any food that had been genetically modified. This figure is up by four percent in three years, quite a significant amount (attitudes toward ethical foods UK- Mintel, 2006). This provides an opportunity for marketers operating in the food sector, for example a business could promote itself as environmentally aware by claiming they sell only non-GM produce. This would give them the advantage of reassuring worried consumers whilst providing them with the upper hand against firms who do sell GM foods. Another benefit is that there are a large proportion of middle and upper class consumers who are generally aware about the issues related to genetic modification and organic food. This perhaps opens opportunities to price products at the more expensive end of the market, as they are likely to pay more if the food meets their expectations. Organic food products are becoming increasingly popular due to the ever-increasing awareness of health issues, media campaigns from the large supermarket chains and endorsements from celebrity chefs. To meet these changes in consumer needs, all of the leading supermarket chains have introduced organic ranges in their stores. There is also the fear in the UK for the future of the ? fast food games console’ children, (P. Tailor, http://www. learnmarketing. net/environment. htm) which provides a direct market opportunity for healthier food products. If a firm specialises only in selling organic produce they would be able to advantage of these opportunities. A recent example of this is innocent drinks, selling the innocent brand of ?smoothies’. They began with a simple investment of ? 500, selling freshly made smoothies at a music festival and now command a 30% slice of a market with a retail value of about ? 50m, (Market Researchers AC Nielsen, 2003). A problem is that these organisations need to aim their products at the right market. Traditionally it has been consumers in the middle and upper classes who have been buying organic food, however there is â€Å"an encouraging widening of the appeal? with over half those in lower income groups now saying they buy some organic products† (Soil Association Press Release, 2005). This implies that there could be an opportunity at trying to offer cheaper organic produce marketed towards the lower end of the income scale. Even if the price is similar to other organic goods, it could be advertised to show the direct benefits of the food to help consumers justify spending more money for organic produce. ?Fair Trade’ Products Fair trade is a relatively new, organized social movement that promotes equal standards for international labour, environmentalism and social policy in the areas related to the production of ? Fair Trade’ goods. This is another rapidly growing section of the food market that is providing a good opportunity for marketers, reporting a massive increase of around 20% a year (FINE, 2005) and now standing at a market value of ? 660 million. The movement has also benefited from increasing media interest, which means that any unethical behaviour or employee exploitation could lead to a massive amount of bad publicity. It is clear that to promote a good brand image in today’s food market, an organisation should look to be aware to fair trade issues. The possible opportunity here lies in the current range of fair trade products that are on the market. At the moment the main products in fair trade ranges are goods such as fruit, nut products, chocolate and coffee; this means there could be a demand for products in other categories, like meat products or even fair trade drinks. This wider range of fair trade products could give a business a unique selling point, as well as providing them with a strong ethical stance. Perhaps there would even be a chance to use the pressure groups or charities that are involved with fair trade to the organisation’s advantage. Marketers could combine the selling of fair trade goods with holding events to raise awareness of unfair trade issues. If they could gain the backing of charities such as Oxfam or trade networks like the European Fair Trade Association, there would be loots of opportunities to raise their brand awareness, thus increasing sales. Local Produce Environmentally aware consumers are increasingly favouring local produce. Over 100 years ago nearly all the food we ate come from within 20 miles of our homes but now we would struggle to find a handful of locally produced goods in our supermarkets (Inside Out ?East, January 2003). This may not seem as an obvious environmental issue but the problem lies within the transport that must take place to move food products around the UK and the world. A massive 25% of trucks on the UK roads are carrying food products; this means that almost as much greenhouse gas is caused by moving food than by all power stations in the UK (Inside Out ? East, January 2003). Importing products from overseas also causes pollution issues, a large proportion of lamb sold in the UK comes from New Zealand and the same is true for potatoes from Israel. Perhaps there is an opportunity for UK organisations to source their food products locally. A business doing this would be able to promote their policies in pollution reduction whilst also promoting an investment in local farmers. This should help massively in obtaining local market share but it may not be possible to source many food products in certain areas, however, any attempt to reduce the massive pollution caused by transport would offer a strong selling point. It is important to note for firms looking to take advantage of the increasing consumer awareness that there can be problems. Shops focusing on only selling Organic, Fair trade and local produce are generally small in size and very specialist. If they are seen to have a very successful idea it is highly likely that the major supermarket chains will try and imitate it with their greater resources. This would be very serious competition and should be considered if a business is considering in solely selling goods to the environmentally aware consumers. There is also the chance of certain barriers to enter into these specialist markets; one of these is the established competitor. Organisations like the Co-op have already been long-term supporters of fair trade. Another likely problem is the increased scrutiny that a business will face when ? announcing’ themselves to be environmentally aware. If a business declares to be environmentally aware and is then seen to be doing damage, it would most likely cause significant financial damage. How can Marketing help in ethical terms? The most obvious way in which marketers can help in ethical terms is by increasing consumer awareness in the issues that are troubling the food market today. A way to do this would be to create simple promotion campaigns where the benefits of organic food or local produce are shown clearly to the consumer. An example of this could be Sainsbury’s TV advertising campaign fronted by Jamie Oliver showing the re-launched ? Taste the Difference’ range. They have removed all artificial flavours or colourings, stopped using hydrogenated fats and only using free-range eggs and UK-sourced meat, (The Guardian, October 2006) combined with the links Jamie Oliver has to health awareness and has lead to a very effective campaign. Another way that marketers can help consumers is to make sure that the packaging of a product follows environmental awareness and ethical issues. Firstly the packaging of a product should be recyclable and reduced to a minimum, in fact there should be ? reminder to recycle’ on all products that have recyclable packaging. Secondly the labelling of products needs to display the relevant health and environmental information clearly. Tesco have implemented the traffic light system to show the qualities of a product at a quick glance. Customers can see by the colour of the light whether or not the product is considered healthy, which is determined by the fat, calorie and salt content. Likewise it could be possible to put small sections of information on fair trade products to show the benefits to the producers that fair trade has. If there was a greater knowledge by the average consumer it might lead fair trade food products to become standard, opposed to the current niche that they are filling, providing social benefits like reducing the global poverty gap. It is also important for the labelling and packaging on a product to not be misleading. If a food product clearly meets organic food standards then it should be labelled as organic; likewise anything that is not produced locally or is not organic should be labelled correctly. Recently there have been reports of Supermarkets putting pressure on organic food watchdogs to lower standards so they can fully exploit the industry, (The Guardian, October 2006). It has been stated â€Å"there are lots of loopholes in the regulations and in practice these are being heavily exploited† and that â€Å"Organics is increasingly becoming industrialised and the consumer will one day wake up and see this stuff is not what they think it is†, (L. Woodward, former head of The Soil Association). It is clear that marketers need to stay fair and honest to ensure that the supermarkets are unable to lobby together and reduce the standards. Perhaps a stance could be taken by one of the supermarket chains to actually support the stricter guidelines, even if it might close the exploitative opportunities. A possible way to encourage people further to buy organic or fair trade products would be to offer promotions involved with the purchase of these goods. Supermarkets could easily offer their customers a larger number of store reward points when the sale takes place, or even try to focus BOGOF deals and price reductions to these product ranges. I would recommend that promotions where the customer gets one fair trade product for half price when two organic products are purchased should be implemented. Linking the product ranges might help encapsulate some of the organic aware consumers into purchasing fair trade products or locally sourced goods and vice versa. A new concept that has been introduced to counter the issue of transportation pollution is food miles; the basis of this revolves around a label on food products stating how far the product had to be transported to reach the supermarket. Marketers could use this function to show customers that products are contributing heavier to pollution. It would also aid in educating consumers into seeing which products should be purchased at seasonal times to minimise transport. If you were looking to purchase strawberries in the winter they would have travelled a long distance to reach the UK, possibly highlighting this fact would teach some consumers to eat more ? seasonally’. The new more socially aware consumer is presenting big opportunities to the major food retailers due to the growing markets in organic food. These opportunities can conflict with what would be considered ethically considerable, especially the issue with organic food appealing to the higher end of the market thus leading to the possibility of keeping prices high. Of course it is best for environment and consumers if the prices are kept lower on organic food so everyone can eat healthier. Perhaps the supermarkets should consider lowering their margins on organic food and making it back on more price inelastic goods such as alcohol or cigarettes. It is clear however that organisations should be careful in deciding which opportunities to take advantage of as their actions could possibly have negative repercussions like consumer cynicism, leading to consumer cynicism. Although if marketers are able to promote these ethical issues and increase public awareness whilst still maintaining profit growth, the potential benefits for everyone are great. Bibliography ?Soil Association (2005) â€Å"Organic Market Report 2005† ?Soil Association (2005) â€Å"Soil Association Press Release†? FINE (2005) â€Å"Fair Trade in Europe 2005: Facts and Figures on Fair Trade in 25 European countries† ? Mintel (2006) â€Å"UK retail briefing – Household goods focus ? Mintel (2006) â€Å"Attitudes toward ethical foods in the UK† ?P. Tailor, Learnmarketing. net/environment. htm ?AC Nielsen (2003) Market Research ?BBC. co. uk/insideout/east/series2/local_produce_organic_healthy_eating. shtml ? Laville. S & Vidal. J (2006) â€Å"Supermarkets accused over organic foods†, The Guardian, October 5th.

Apple’s Competitive Strategies and Government Policies Essay

The Apple IPhone Company has created quite a name for itself through the creation and sales of the phone that is leading in innovation, technology, and consumer popularity. With many large cell phone competitor companies, such as T-Mobile, Verizon, At&t, and Sprint, the IPhone has managed to continually create a product and service that continues to beat the competitors in technology and innovation. The smaller cell phone companies such as Cricket, Metro PCS, and Boost Mobile are able to stay in business only because they sell somewhat of a different marketing strategy, which is a cheaper service plan, with older phones. The Apple IPhone has profited from the recent horizontal merger of T-Mobile, a large cell phone provider, and MetroPCS, a smaller cell phone provider. Two companies made this merger in the same industry that came together in hopes of increasing revenue for both organizations (Investopedia, 2014). The profit that came to Apple Iphone from the merger was increased sale s of the IPhone; MetroPCS has access to the unlocked IPhones and can now offer sales to nine million additional consumers that otherwise would not have access through MetroPCS (AppleInsider, 2013). A merger of this type offer other benefits such as â€Å"infrastructure and branding strength,† for the smaller organization, and creates stronger competition for other large cell phone providers as well (Yglesias, 2013). This competition will force other companies to create new service plans with reduced rates and better services in order to continue to remain successful in the industry. This will in-turn push prices down for consumers and level the playing field. The Apple IPhone Company participates in globalization through contracting the manufacturing of the IPhone product through a company named Foxconn Technologies, which is located in Western China. Foxconn creates more than forty percent of the US electronics, and employs around 120,000 workers twenty-four hours a day seven days a week. Many employees work six days a week with harsh working conditions that  require fast pace and high pressure from the employees leading to high turnover rates (Dihigg & Barboza, 2012) . Despite the harsh working environment, through globalization Apple is able to help other countries develop faster by providing employment opportunities for areas that would otherwise not have any. This also allows Apple to reduce cost of production creating a higher profit margin and sustainability rates for the organization as a whole (Investopedia, 2014). Government Policies and Regulations The cell phone industries have to follow government policies and regulations. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration have the authority to regulate how much a cell phone emits radiofrequency energy. If a cell phone device releases too much radiofrequency energy the U.S. Food and Drug Administration can have the company recall all the cell phones and repair or replace them. Someone can live near or under a cell phone base and receive the radiofrequency energy into their body this needs to be monitored at all time. U.S. Food and Drug Administration shares responsibility with the Federal Communication Commission to be sure that all phones sold in the United States meets the requirements. The Federal Communication Commission also regulates the base tower of the cell phones. A third party can be injured by someone answering their cell phone while driving and if that call is from a telemarketer that can be very bad. Telemarketers once only called your home phone, now they are given access t o our cell phone numbers. The National Do Not Call Registry has thirty-one days from the date of request to remove your phone number from the telemarketing list. The Federal Trade Commission manages the National Do Not Call Registry. If a company does not stop calling they can be subject to up to a $16,000 fine. We all have been told that texting or sending an email while driving can be deadly to the driver, to the passengers and to an innocent third party in another vehicle. Many states are adopting laws and penalties that can range from $50 to $400 depending how many times the drivers violates the law. A young driver will have their licenses suspended the first time or revoked if it happens a second time. A commercial driver cannot use a cell phone inside a vehicle that the engine is running. Not all states these laws based around cell phones and driving yet, but laws are expected to be in all fifty states as  the state sees it necessary. More and more people use their cell phones to store and receive bus iness information. Many people misplace and or lose their cell phone with sensitive information stored in the device. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 [Stimulus Act] will soon want any cell phones used for business to be notified when a breach as happened. Competition; Rules and Regulations Apple Inc. is one of the leading companies in the communication market and because of the rapid growth in technology the global competition is very tight. Telecommunications, globalization, technology, the Internet, and e-commerce have an increased amount of change. Due to this increase companies need to keep up and make changes in their technology, which also means they need to increase their supply, relations, labor, rules and regulations within the company to maintain their competitiveness within the market. Consumers are always looking for the newest technology when it comes to their cell phones, laptops, tablets, and computers. It is imperative for any company that wants to maintain a competitive edge in the market to offer better, faster, and newer products. They must also be willing to maintain service to their existing products as well. Management must make changes within their devices as well as the service they provide. For the company to be successful the management team must keep strong relations within the company as well as the consumers of the product as well. The individuals purchasing their devices need to be sure that they are receiving the highest quality product and also want the validation that if there is a problem with their device that Apple will be able to fix the problem. The levels of management, support staff, customer service, sales, and technical support must be able to meet the supply and demand while remaining cost effective. While most of the labor for manufacturing Apple products is outsourced to other countries; this is done because they can produce the product at a cheaper rate then they would be able to if it was manufactured within the U.S. Due to the outsourcing of work being done outside the U.S. there is a need to have a union representation for the labor that is being done in  other countries. The company needs to ensure that they create policies, rules, and procedures for the company’s employees both within and outside the U.S. Management team needs to make sure they are protecting their employee’s rights both within and outside the U.S. while maintaining their fairness to all employed and still able to create a product that is cost efficient and of the highest quality. Recommendations Apple iPhone merger with T-Mobile is profitable. The merger allows the iPhone to control a large part of the cell phone market. New companies entering the cell phone market must compete with the iPhone on a level of having cheaper rates. Entering a oligopoly market structure is difficult. The merger of Apple iPhone and T-Mobile may lead to other mergers of cell phone companies. Creating new technology by Apple will keep them as a front runner in the cell phone industry; continuing to improve on their now popular cell phone product through technological advances. The popularity of cell phones for more than just calling and sending messages to friends is on the rise. The use of cell phones to conduct business is the lifeline of the businessman or woman on the go. The regulations by the government will still need to be met. Apple in response to government regulations will need to make technological advancements in the safety of their product. The integration of cell phones to the hands free operation of a vehicles radio is one safety step taken. The promoting of not talking and texting while driving must continue and even increase to keep people safe. To keep up with the demand and the changing technology Apple will need to watch the competition closely. The possibility of future mergers will change the labor market. The outsourcing of Apple using a cheaper labor source helps keep production cost down. In order to maintain a high status in the cell phone industry Apple will need to continue to strive for excellence in the technology advancement. Providing superior products to its customers Apple needs make sure it keeps its employees happy. There are fewer unions today compared to years past. This shows that companies are becoming better at providing for its employees. This will need to continue  in order for Apple to stay competitive. Reference AppleInsider. (2013, May 1). T-Mobile, MetroPCS Officially Merge, Bringing IPhone to 9M More in US. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2013/03/t_mobile_metropcs_merger_it_would_force_at_t_and_verizon_to_improve.html Dihigg, C. (Interviewer)., & Barboza, D. (Speaker). (2012, January 26). In China, Human Costs are Built into an IPad [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/business/ieconomy.html?_r=0 Federal Trade Commission. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0108-national-do-not-call-registry Investopedia. (2014). Globalization. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/globalization.asp Investopedia. (2014). Horizontal Merger. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/horizontalmerger.asp TechTarget. (2003-2014). Retrieved from http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/news/1368978/Ensuring-mobile-data-protection-for-smartphones-is-critical Yglesias, M. (2013, March 28). The Cell Phone Merger America Needs. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2013/03/t_mobile_metropcs_merger_it_would_force_at_t_and_verizon_to_improve.html

Free Essays on Pediatric Strokes

Pediatric Stroke A pediatric stroke is a life threatening event in which part of the brain is deprived of oxygen. Strokes can occur in children of all ages. It can even occur in the fetus. (Pathak 2000 p.1) Children are much less likely to have a stroke than older adults. (Behrman, Kliegman, Jenson 2000) They are at higher risk for a stroke if they have congenital heart disease, sickle cell anemia, or a wide variety of other conditions and possible traumas. Although children suffering a stroke will have similar signs as an adult, it takes the family longer to realize what is going on. Adult symptoms of a stroke are sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body, sudden confusion, trouble speaking, or understanding, trouble seeing in one or both eyes, trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or coordination, severe headache with no known causes. When a pediatric stoke is treated as soon as possible, the child has a significantly greater chance of a voiding permanent medical affects, such as cerebral palsy or paralysis on one side of the body. Dr. Mayank Pathak states that â€Å"there are two major categories of strokes. These are ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic or bleeding strokes†(2000 p.2). The most common type is the ischemic stroke, which is caused by a prolonged lack of oxygen-rich blood to the brain. Dr. Pathak has concluded that ischemic strokes are usually associated with disorders that promote the clotting of blood or cause inflammation of the arteries, which in turn promotes clotting within them† (2000 p.3). Dr. Pathak also states that the â€Å"second Pediatric Stroke 3 type of stroke is a hemorrhagic. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain breaks open or develops a hole in its wall through which blood begins to leak directly into the brain tissue or into the clear liquid which surround the brain and fills its central cavities† (2000 p. 3). Symptoms of an is... Free Essays on Pediatric Strokes Free Essays on Pediatric Strokes Pediatric Stroke A pediatric stroke is a life threatening event in which part of the brain is deprived of oxygen. Strokes can occur in children of all ages. It can even occur in the fetus. (Pathak 2000 p.1) Children are much less likely to have a stroke than older adults. (Behrman, Kliegman, Jenson 2000) They are at higher risk for a stroke if they have congenital heart disease, sickle cell anemia, or a wide variety of other conditions and possible traumas. Although children suffering a stroke will have similar signs as an adult, it takes the family longer to realize what is going on. Adult symptoms of a stroke are sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body, sudden confusion, trouble speaking, or understanding, trouble seeing in one or both eyes, trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or coordination, severe headache with no known causes. When a pediatric stoke is treated as soon as possible, the child has a significantly greater chance of a voiding permanent medical affects, such as cerebral palsy or paralysis on one side of the body. Dr. Mayank Pathak states that â€Å"there are two major categories of strokes. These are ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic or bleeding strokes†(2000 p.2). The most common type is the ischemic stroke, which is caused by a prolonged lack of oxygen-rich blood to the brain. Dr. Pathak has concluded that ischemic strokes are usually associated with disorders that promote the clotting of blood or cause inflammation of the arteries, which in turn promotes clotting within them† (2000 p.3). Dr. Pathak also states that the â€Å"second Pediatric Stroke 3 type of stroke is a hemorrhagic. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain breaks open or develops a hole in its wall through which blood begins to leak directly into the brain tissue or into the clear liquid which surround the brain and fills its central cavities† (2000 p. 3). Symptoms of an is...

The Effects of War on the Environment

The Effects of War on the Environment The natural environment has been a strategic element of war since the first rock was thrown by the first cave dweller. The armies of ancient Rome and Assyria, to ensure the total capitulation of their enemies, reportedly sowed salt into the cropland of their foes, making the soil useless for farming- an early use of military herbicide, and one of the most devastating environmental effects of war. But history also provides lessons in eco-sensitive warfare. The Bible, in Deuteronomy 20:19, stays the hand of the warrior to minimize wars impact on nature and men alike: When you besiege a city a long time, to make war against it in order to capture it, you shall not destroy its trees by swinging an axe against them; for you may eat from them, and you shall not cut them down. For is the tree of the field a man, that it should be besieged by you? War and the Environment: Weve Been Lucky so Far War is waged differently today, of course, and has widespread environmental impacts that last far longer. The technology has changed, and the potential effects of the technology are very different, says Carl Bruch, co-director of international programs at the Environmental Law Institute in Washington, D.C. Bruch, who is also the co-author of The Environmental Consequences of War: Legal, Economic, and Scientific Perspectives, notes that modern chemical, biological, and nuclear warfare has the potential to wreak unprecedented environmental havoc that, fortunately, we havent seen- yet. This is a great threat, Bruch says. But in some cases, precision weapons and other technological advances can shield the environment by targeting key facilities, leaving other areas relatively unscathed. You could make the argument that these weapons have the ability to minimize collateral damage, says Geoffrey Dabelko, director of the Environmental Change and Security Program at the Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. Its Local: the Impact of War Today Warfare today also occurs infrequently between independent nations; more often, armed conflict breaks out between rival factions within a nation. These localized civil wars, according to Bruch, are usually beyond the reach of international treaties and bodies of law. Internal conflict is viewed as a matter of sovereignty- an internal matter, he says. As a result, environmental damage, like human rights violations, occurs unchecked by outside organizations. Though skirmishes, armed conflicts, and open warfare vary tremendously by region and by weapons used, the effects of war on the environment usually involve the following broad categories. Habitat Destruction and Refugees Perhaps the most famous example of habitat devastation occurred during the Vietnam War  when U.S. forces sprayed herbicides like Agent Orange on the forests and mangrove swamps that provided cover to guerrilla soldiers. An estimated 20 million gallons of herbicide were used, decimating about 4.5 million acres in the countryside. Some regions are not expected to recover for several decades. Additionally, when warfare causes the mass movement of people, the resulting impacts on the environment can be catastrophic. Widespread deforestation, unchecked hunting, soil erosion, and contamination of land and water by human waste occur when thousands of humans are forced to settle in a new area. During the Rwandan conflict in 1994, much of that countrys Akagera National Park was opened to refugees; as a result, local populations of animals like the roan antelope and the eland became extinct. Invasive Species Military ships, cargo airplanes, and trucks often carry more than soldiers and munitions; non-native plants and animals can also ride along, invading new areas and wiping out native species in the process. Laysan Island in the Pacific Ocean was once home to a number of rare plants and animals, but troop movements during and after World War II introduced rats that nearly wiped out the Laysan finch and the Laysan rail, as well as bringing in sandbur, an invasive plant that crowds out the native bunchgrass that local birds depend on for habitat. Infrastructure Collapse Among the first and most vulnerable targets of attack in a military campaign are the enemys roads, bridges, utilities, and other infrastructure. While these dont form part of the natural environment, the destruction of wastewater treatment plants, for example, severely degrades regional water quality. During the 1990s fighting in Croatia, chemical manufacturing plants were bombed; because treatment facilities for chemical spills werent functioning, toxins flowed downstream unchecked until the conflict ended. Increased Production Even in regions not directly affected by warfare, increased production in manufacturing, agriculture and other industries that support a war effort can wreak havoc on the natural environment. During World War I, former wilderness areas of the United States came under cultivation for wheat, cotton, and other crops, while vast stands of timber were clear-cut to meet wartime demand for wood products. Timber in Liberia, oil in Sudan, and diamonds in Sierra Leone are all exploited by military factions. These provide a revenue stream that is used to buy weapons, says Bruch. Scorched Earth Practices, Hunting, and Poaching The destruction of your own homeland is a time-honored, albeit tragic, wartime custom. The term scorched earth originally applied to the burning of crops and buildings that might feed and shelter the enemy, but its now applied to any environmentally destructive strategy. To thwart invading Japanese troops during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), Chinese authorities dynamited a dike on the Yellow River, drowning thousands of Japanese soldiers- and thousands of Chinese peasants- while also flooding millions of square miles of land. Similarly, if an army crawls on its stomach, as is often says, then feeding an army often requires hunting local animals, especially larger mammals that often have lower rates of reproduction. In the ongoing war in Sudan, poachers seeking meat for soldiers and civilians have had a tragic effect on bush animal populations in Garamba National Park, just across the border in the Democratic Republic of Congo. At one point, the number of elephants shrunk from 22,000 to 5,000, and there were only 15 white rhinos left alive. Biological, Chemical, and Nuclear Weapons The production, testing, transport and use of these advanced weapons is perhaps the single most destructive effects of war on the environment. Though their use has been strictly limited since the bombing of Japan by the U.S. military at the end of World War II, military analysts have grave concerns about the proliferation of nuclear material and chemical and biological weaponry. Weve been very fortunate that we have not seen the devastation that we might see, says Bruch. Researchers point to the use of depleted uranium (DU) as one particularly dangerous military trend. DU is a byproduct of the uranium-enrichment process. Almost twice as dense as lead, its valued in weapons for its ability to penetrate tank armor and other defenses. An estimated 320 tons of DU were used in the Gulf War in 1991; in addition to soil contamination, experts are concerned that soldiers and civilians may have been exposed to dangerous levels of the compound. How Environmental Problems Lead to War While the effects of war on the environment may be obvious, whats less clear are the ways that environmental damage itself leads to conflict. Factions in resource-poor countries like those in Africa, the Mideast, and Southeast Asia have historically used military force for material gain; they have few other options. Bruch explains that once armed conflict begins, soldiers and populations under siege must find immediate sources of food, water, and shelter, so theyre forced to adapt their thinking to short-term solutions, not long-term sustainability. This short-term desperation leads to a vicious cycle of conflict, followed by people who meet their immediate needs in unsustainable ways, bringing deprivation and disillusionment, which then leads to more conflict. One of the chief challenges is to break that cycle, Bruch says. Can Warfare Protect Nature? It seems counterintuitive, but some have argued that military conflicts often end up preserving the natural environment. Its one of the findings thats utterly contrary to expectations, says Jurgen Brauer, Ph.D., professor of economics at Augusta State University in Augusta, Ga. The most preserved area in all of Korea is the demilitarized zone because you have the exclusion of human activity, he says. Other researchers have noted that despite the massive amounts of herbicide use during the Vietnam War, more forests have been lost in that country since the war ended than during it, due to peacetime commerce and Vietnams quest for prosperity. The coal-black skies caused by the Kuwaiti oil fires in 1991 provided dramatic visual evidence of war-related environmental damage. However, these oil fires burned in one month roughly the amount of oil burned by the United States in a single day. Peace can be damaging, too, says Dabelko. You have some of these ironic twists. But experts are quick to emphasize that this is not an argument in favor of armed conflict. War is not good for the environment, adds Brauer, who is also an author of War and Nature: The Environmental Consequences of War in a Globalized World. And Bruch notes that warfare only delays the environmental damage of peaceful human activity and commerce. It may provide a respite, but the long-term effects of war arent that different from what happens under commercial development, he says. Winning the Peace As military planning evolves, it becomes apparent that the environment now plays a greater role in successful combat, especially after an armed conflict ends. At the end of the day, if youre trying to occupy an area, you have a strong incentive not to ruin it, Dabelko says. The aforementioned biblical quote from Deuteronomy about preserving trees is, perhaps, good advice for the ages. And some warriors are learning that theres more to be gained from preserving the environment than in destroying it. In war-torn Mozambique, former military combatants have been hired to work together as park rangers protecting the wildlife and natural habitats that they once sought to destroy. That built bridges between the military and the park service. It has worked, Bruch says. Natural resources can be very important in providing jobs and opportunities in post-conflict societies.

Top 10 Love Quotes from Shakespeare

Top 10 Love Quotes from Shakespeare As this  list of top 10 Shakespearean love quotes suggests, William  Shakespeare remains the world’s most romantic dramatist and poet. He is responsible for Romeo and Juliet and Sonnet 18, the greatest love story and poem ever written. Here are the top Shakespeare love quotes, from his plays and his memorable sonnet: Helena, A Midsummer Nights Dream   Act 1, Scene 1: Helena ponders how Demetrius, instead of falling for her, is becoming enamored of  Hermia: Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind,And therefore is winged Cupid painted blind. Romeo, Romeo and Juliet Act 1, Scene 4:  Romeo tells his friend Mercutio that he is sinking under loves heavy burden with Juliet: Is love a tender thing? it is too rough,Too rude, too boisterous, and it pricks like thorn. The Duke, Twelfth Night Act 1, Scene 1: The Duke addresses the court in his palace, comparing love to a beautiful tune being played by the court musicians: If music be the food of love, play on. Sonnet 18 This is the opening couplet of Bards famous poem in which he compares his lover to a beautiful spring day- and finds her superior: Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Olivia, Twelfth Night   Act 3, Scene 1: Olivia, a countess, is talking to Viola, who has disguised herself as a man and inadvertently attracted Olivias love: Love sought is good, but given unsought is better. Ferdinand, The Tempest Act 3, Scene 1: Ferdinand, whose party has crashed on an enchanted island,  is speaking with Miranda, who was marooned on the island 12 years before, as they fall in love amid magical trickery: Hear my soul speak:The very instant that I saw you, didMy heart fly to your service; there resides,to make me slave to it. Beatrice, Much Ado About Nothing   Act 4, Scene 1:  Beatrice addresses Benedick as they banter  while friends conspire to make them fall in love- and succeed: I love you with so much of my heart that none is left to protest. Portia, ​The Merchant of Venice   Act 3, Scene 2:  This is Portias convoluted way of saying Im all yours! to Bassanio, one of her suitors: One half of me is yours, the other half yours- Mine own, I would say; but if mine, then yours,And so all yours! Romeo, Romeo and Juliet Act 1, Scene 1: Romeo tells his cousin Benvolio about his love for an unnamed woman (Juliet) and how she has so far resisted his advances: Love is a smoke raised with the fume of sighs. Phebe, As You Like It   Act 3, Scene 5:  Phebe tries to tell Silvius that she doesnt love him, having instead fallen for Rosalind, who is disguised as a man named Ganymede. (Phebe is quoting from a poem by Christopher Marlowe; Shakespeare borrowed the line from Marlowes Hero and Leander.): Who ever loved that loved not at first sight?

Do Newspapers Have a Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Do Newspapers Have a Future - Essay Example Newspapers have some problems inherent within them that can possibly be the cause of their decline in popularity (Gawenda, 2008). First of all, most newspapers are in black and white which provide a drab and boring source of information. Readers prefer a more illustrious and colorful source, which can provide them with vivid pictures of the occurring events. Moreover, the print in newspapers is usually of such a small size, that it is difficult and uncomfortable for readers to easily read it. Unfortunately, newspapers do not have a zoom in option. It is also very difficult to handle newspapers because of their size and to flip through them. Often the pages and sections all fall out and get mixed up while a person skims through the newspaper. Some newspapers are also available in color, however, the quality of the paper and the photographs is still of low quality which may not be as attractive to the reader. Readers usually prefer glossy photographs printed on laser paper which gives the reader a more exciting and clearer experience of reading the news (Vivian, 2008). However, the problems are not only limited to the design and texture of newspapers. Problems may also exist in the content of newspapers. Most newspapers tell the story the way it is and provide an unbiased opinion. Hence, readers only read the facts and do not get a dose of what is called â€Å"extra spicy† news. The small articles printed in newspapers do provide essential information regarding everyday happenings in the world, yet sometimes they do not provide a vivid description or full information regarding the event and only stick to the general and most basic facts. In addition, newspapers contain many sections which include the business section, classified ads, and many others (Conboy & Steel, 2008). Some of the articles and the information may be irrelevant to the reader’s interest and the reader may only be interested in the entertainment section, front page, and classified ads. Hence, he/she finds it inconvenient to purchase the full newspaper for this purpose. Newspapers are also available for a price, which the reader may not find worth the trouble of purchasing one. Another issue regarding newspaper journalism is that many people have lost their trust with the information contained in newspapers, as sometimes it proves to be inaccurate or exaggerated. Hence, some people have stopped reading or relying on the news altogether (Tottam, 1999). Despite the many problems or shortcomings with newspapers, newspapers do hold some advantage over other sources of information.

Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Research Paper

Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner - Research Paper Example Additionally, they also consult with the various stakeholders such as legislators, communities, corporation and groups involved in mental health. One major requirement that these nurses should have is that they have to attain a master’s degree or one in doctoral in psychiatric mental health in order for them to qualify to be registered nurses in this field. Most of them operate private owned practices that allow them to provide primary care services to populations affected by psychiatric mental health. Based on this over view, this research paper will evaluate all the requirements that Psychiatric –Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Advanced Practice Registered Nurses in the US specifically looking at the ones applied in the state of Florida. Before an individual qualifies to be a Psychiatric-mental Health Nurse Practitioner, it is a requirement for them to attain a Bachelor of Science degree in Nursing and a Nurse Practitioner degree that might take at least to four additional training years. Further, these individuals also have to obtain Master’s of Science in Nursing or obtain a Doctor of Nursing Practice, which is usually an advanced program in nursing education where one has to practice for at least six hundred clinical working hours. In 2015, the DNP degree became the minimum degree requirement for those seeking to be enrolled for a degree in advanced practice registered nurses. b) The applicant is then authorized by the Board to practice under the supervision of a professional and registered nurses as a graduate or graduate practical nurse. The Board might require irregular reports from the supervisors and employers of the graduate nurse or graduate practical nurse to ascertain whether the individual has been in violation of Section 464.018(1) F.S. d) Further, any applicant that does not physically appear to sit for the licensing examination shall also not be

Discuss the importance and role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Essay

Discuss the importance and role of Corporate Social Responsibility in event management in the 21st Century - Essay Example For many years, the idea of corporate social responsibility (CSR) focused on its validity and importance for effectiveness and image of organisations. Currently, the concern is not whether to practice CSR or not but is what and how. In short, in the 21st century, the CSR concept remains an important part of organization management strategy (Zheng, 2008). In the 21st century, CSR concerns are growing and are mainly focusing on organization sensitisation to systems and dynamics of management. It involves the growing alignment across many organization. CSR marks the progressive development of organizations as bodies of both corporate and societal management; venues for the integration of both private and public interests; participants in the organization and society oriented regulation; and possessors of shared, relational and other ways of connected external looking and internal looking responsibilities like event management. Issues revolving around CSR are tending primary for many par ticipants in multiple roles across organizations and community (Horrigan, 2007). In event management, a lot must be done behind the scenes in order for an event to be successful. The event management starts with writing proposals, negotiating fees and considering safety issues before dealing with timing, menus or even location. All aspects of organizing and strategic planning of an event should be conducted carefully. The planning includes proposal preparation, management fee determination, designing events in multicultural situations and identification of new ways that raise the efficiency of event operations (Allen, 2002). Event management with proper CSR practices is more likely to synchronise the strengths to the location, operational scope, and organisational levels placing it at a better position to combine the challenges. In this way, they will also be able to maintain environment related awareness and apply the relevant practices and hence achieve organisational success (Ach ieveGlobal, 2010). Event management deals with the coordination of activities that involve groups of people coming together to achieve certain objectives for example, parties, promotions, weddings etc. Event managers always conduct proper research before the event, come up with a design, locate the event and ensure other logistics like refreshements are in order. The main agenda of an event is to cause an impact among the host community and also effectively market the organization. Organizations implementing CSR measures experience various benefits, which include increased productivity; motivation and commitment among workers; minimised operating costs; increased sound and transparent practices. Other benefits include customer loyalty; decreased regulatory oversight; minimised wastage and utilisation of environmental-friendly production procedures; improved brand image, etc. (Balboni, Bute, & Sookram, 2007). Organizations competition for skilled workers, investors and loyal customer s is on the rise because of globalisation. The way in which an organization relates with its employees, its host communities, and the marketplace significantly contribute to its sustainability and success (Rionda, 2002). Example of the importance of CSR Nike. Considering the case in Asia in the 1990s, it shows how labour standard issues can destroy a firm’s global reputation. At the same time, it shows the importance of understanding CSR and its practices. Nike had to pay

IT Outsourcing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IT Outsourcing Paper - Essay Example â€Å"IT outsourcing has become a common means of corporate management in the financial as well as other sectors† (Suzuki, 2005, p. 23). Currently, IT is a lifeline for each company and determinedly united with each part of all company’s business, so it does not astonish that service like outsourcing has been extended to IT associated functions, such as development of software and preservation, function of information systems, and organization of networks and servers. The Project Drives or Creates More Revenue for the Corporation: Initially, organizations can anticipate higher-quality services by using skilled and experienced external specialists. It helps to increase more revenue by the way of reducing wages. As the technology development and diversification are incorporated with businesses, more superior abilities are demanded to obtain more sophisticated IT service needs. The primary cause for IT off shoring is reduction of cost. Organizations can discover opportunit y for radical reduction of cost by taking benefit of the wage differences among countries. The Project Cuts the Cost of Doing Business: Secondly, IT service suppliers have benefits in cost effectiveness based on their scalability. Large suppliers can recommend the same kind of services to numerous client organizations in the course of their pool of work and infrastructure. This type of resource sharing creates a considerable donation to the reduction of cost in comparison to circumstances whereby every organization carries out the services by itself. IT outsourcing can cut the cost of operation by way of cutting the cost of premises and other expenses. The Project is Mandated by Laws (Federal, State, County, or Local) or Executive Orders: Like any other project IT outsourcing project also mandated by federal, state, county, or local laws and executive orders. Subsequent to setting the scope of outsourcing, the organization desires to select the vendor with a deliberate assessment an d a comparative assessment of consistency, degree, technology, abilities and potential effects. Lastly, the organization should finish the agreement with the vendor; it is at this time when the task of explicit positions in addition to duties and concrete actions to be taken in opposition to the various types of contractual risks, which is the key to justifying the risks of outsourcing. The Competitor has undertaken a Similar Project: The present quick increase in offshore IT outsourcing has sparked a contest on the costs and advantages of this tendency to the U.S. financial system. If the competitor is using the same project, it will not be much effective for the organizations to perform extremely well. Outsourcing must not be viewed as an explanation in resolving dilemma service areas in the companies. If an inner service part is not performing successfully, by transferring it to an exterior contractor could only increase the problem. So, it is significant that companies that carr ying out outsourcing must be capable to clearly recognize its long term IT strategic guidelines and long term information requirements.   The course of recognizing solutions for a company can be complicated; mainly if the company is not certain about the steps to obtain to create success. To facilitate help in figuring out numerous problems in Global Communications at

A paper on a material object during the medieval period Essay

A paper on a material object during the medieval period - Essay Example However for the bulk of this period the availability of the Holy Bible as a material object was restricted for practical as well as theological reasons.1 During the medieval period access to the Holy Bible, as a material object was in fact restricted due to various intentional and unintentional factors. Books of any description were generally very expensive material objects throughout the medieval period taken as a whole.2 The high cost of books put all but the wealthiest people off buying them in the first place. Books were highly expensive because of the methods used to produce them, paper and parchment was costly to make, meaning that writing errors and mistakes were often just crossed out, or even ignored completely.3 The Holy Bible during the majority of the medieval period was hand written as the Chinese invention of the movable printing press took a long time to reach Europe (not doing so until the late fifteenth century).4 Therefore the production of the Holy Bible was slow as well as painstaking if done properly. Then again it could take just as long to produce copies of the Holy Bible, which were riddled with mistakes, and inaccurate wording.5 Indeed it frequently took days for people usually monks to write out new copies of the Holy Bible in full by hand. There was not a high demand for new copies of the Holy Bible due to the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches wanting to control who actually read the gospel, as well as they interpreted the content of the gospel.6 The Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern orthodox churches were particularly keen on restricting access to the Holy Bible to those it trusted. In other words they’re own clergy, monks, nuns, and the wealthier citizens within European societies. For the majority of the medieval period it was only the clergy and the members of the religious orders that were predominantly literate, although the male

Bait-ul-Maal. Creation, Functions and Resources of Bait-ul-Maal Essay

Bait-ul-Maal. Creation, Functions and Resources of Bait-ul-Maal - Essay Example The Islamic financial system is among the most autonomous and righteous systems in our society. The Holy Qur'an states this truth in Surah al-Hashr [59:7], "In order that it may not (merely) make a circuit between the wealthy among you." For that reason, the Islamic society focuses on the required circulation of wealth among all citizens and not just those who are affluent, as this may carets humiliation to the Muslim society and raise social class culture (Tamer, p. 102, 2005). Definition of Bait-ul-Maal Bait-ul-Maal is an Arabic expression, which means ‘House of wealth’ or ‘House of money’ (Ayub, pp. 23-25, 2008). Traditionally, it was a financial institution in charge for the management of taxes in Islamic nations, mainly during the early Islamic Caliphate. It provided as a noble reserve for the Caliphs and Sultans, controlling personal finances as well as government expenses. Additionally, it managed circulations of Zakat revenues for community efforts. Contemporary Islamic economists believe the institutional structure suitable for modern Islamic nations (USA International Business Publications, p. 187, 2009). Creation of Bait-ul-Maal The Muslims began establishing Bayt al-Mal from the time of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). He (PBUH) is accustomed to choose the administrators as well as the commanders for the different areas. Each commander was in charge for gathering Zakah, Jizyah in addition to the fifths of the booty and Kharaj. Every now and then, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) inured to employ somebody in charge just for the financial dealings to gather the owing cash for the State together with, Kharaj, Jizyah, Tenths (Zakat on lands, assets and the fruits) and donations and give them to Bait-ul-Maal (Ayub, pp. 31-37, 2008). The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) did the same with Mu`adh ibn Jabal (may Allah be pleased with him) when he sent him to Yemen to gather the funds of Zakat from its representatives and with `U baydah ibn al-Jarrah (may Allah be pleased with him) (Kettell, pp. 56-60, 2010) when he sent him to al-Bahrain to gather the Jizyah. The beginning of Bayt al-Mal from the time of Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) reign is an obvious proof on the accuracy of the Islamic financial structures since this early time. As a result, it is usual that Bayt al-Mal extends in accordance with the different ages (USA International Business Publications, p. 76, 2009). Functions of Bait-ul-Maal The authority of Bait-ul-Maal consists of the wealth due for Muslims as a group not possessed by one of them and the wealth used for the gain of Muslims. For that reason, Bait-ul-Maal is among the key establishments of the Islamic society as it is the single power entitled to paying money on the different Muslim benefit. It has the influence of a Ministry of Finance and a Central Bank during the present days (Tamer, p. 76, 2005).   Divisions in other Countries of Bait-ul-Maal During the reign of the Umayyad Caliphate, finances get better. The sum of money was very big without doubt, as it came from just one Muslim state, that is Egypt, let alone other finances that made their way to the Bayt al-Mal from other Islamic states (Kettell, pp. 56-60, 2010). There is no uncertainty that such enormous sum of funds accentuated the significance of the Bait-ul-Maal during the period of the Umayyads, and consequently the prominence of this caliphate. It is obvious from the report of Ibn `Abdul-Hakam that there was a middle management for the Bait-ul-Maal in the Islamic caliphate's centre of Damascus as well as sub-managements in every state independently. The

A paper on a material object during the medieval period Essay

A paper on a material object during the medieval period - Essay Example However for the bulk of this period the availability of the Holy Bible as a material object was restricted for practical as well as theological reasons.1 During the medieval period access to the Holy Bible, as a material object was in fact restricted due to various intentional and unintentional factors. Books of any description were generally very expensive material objects throughout the medieval period taken as a whole.2 The high cost of books put all but the wealthiest people off buying them in the first place. Books were highly expensive because of the methods used to produce them, paper and parchment was costly to make, meaning that writing errors and mistakes were often just crossed out, or even ignored completely.3 The Holy Bible during the majority of the medieval period was hand written as the Chinese invention of the movable printing press took a long time to reach Europe (not doing so until the late fifteenth century).4 Therefore the production of the Holy Bible was slow as well as painstaking if done properly. Then again it could take just as long to produce copies of the Holy Bible, which were riddled with mistakes, and inaccurate wording.5 Indeed it frequently took days for people usually monks to write out new copies of the Holy Bible in full by hand. There was not a high demand for new copies of the Holy Bible due to the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches wanting to control who actually read the gospel, as well as they interpreted the content of the gospel.6 The Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern orthodox churches were particularly keen on restricting access to the Holy Bible to those it trusted. In other words they’re own clergy, monks, nuns, and the wealthier citizens within European societies. For the majority of the medieval period it was only the clergy and the members of the religious orders that were predominantly literate, although the male

A view from a bridge work book Essay Example for Free

A view from a bridge work book Essay Dear Miss Fisher, I have finished reading a view from a bridge put notes on the power point sheets however I then looked back on it realised it was illegible! So I wrote it up here, is that ok Im sorry for the inconvenience, it wont happen again. Sorry again, Daisy 🙂 A view from the bridge. 15th September. Research tasks: Who was Arthur Miller? Find autobiographical information about the playwright. Arthur Miller, playwright from New York, became a journalist, worked with Italian immigrants during WWII. Which gave him an outlook Into the Sicilian dreams inspiration for A View From The Bridge. Millers first play flopped, but his second; All My Sons was a massive success. He divorced his first wife in 1961 married Marilyn Munroe, the reason for this is unknown as apparently they were never really in love divorced in 1963, it is thought Monroe married him for intelligence milled married Monroe for beauty, Miller then wrote a play After The Fall that is thought to be based on their relationship. Miller died in 2005. Which other plays has Arthur miller written? Do they have any common themes? After The Fall, The Prince, The Archbishops Ceiling, The Clock, Broken Glass, All My Sons, Death Of A Salesman, Crucible. A common theme of Arthur Millers play was the examining of an individual in relation to their authority; this means the plays are often considered political. Where is Brooklyn? What was it like in the 1940s? Who lived worked there? What sort of environment was it? Whats it like now? Brooklyn is a borough of New York; in the 1940s it had a large Italian population due to the ports near the bridge. Brooklyn was split in two it had the middle class areas such as Flatbush working class areas like Red Hook, the setting for A View The Bridge. In the mid to late 1940s Brooklyn was enjoying a good period the gang violence was, all though easily noticed, small. As Brooklyn reached the end of the 1940s the borough began a period of decline by the early 1950s gangsters were ripe until the 1980s it was classed as a bad place to live. People from all over Europe lived worked in Brooklyn it also had a large African-American community. Brooklyn now has a safer cleaner track record with very little gang violence a large business district the 3rd largest in New York State. Which groups of people immigrated to the United States in the 1940s? What was life like for them when they arrived? The main groups of people immigrating to the United States in the 1940s were European, particularly Italians Russians. When they first arrived life would be tough they would usually leave their homelands with nothing have to find jobs work quickly so they could live out their own American Dream. Find out as much as you can about Italian-American communities Which television programmes films include Italian-American characters? How do they talk? Is this community stereotyped? What values can you identify in this community? The most famous film on Italian-Americans would probably be Scarface a movie based on Italian-American gangster Al Capone, the Italian-American community is stereotyped as a very tight family, which it represents in gangs or mobs, the Italian-American dialect is varied through out Brooklyn, Bugs Bunny has an accent based on the Flatbush dialect. Wikipedia Italian Americans are higher in the rate degree of the tensing rising of (oh) (aeh) than that of Jewish American New Yorkers. The values of the communities of Italian Americans seem as though they all run everything as a family business, a tight knit friendship group. What is a tragedy? Find out the main features or conventions of this type of play. Make sure you go right back to Greek tragedy. A Greek tragedy is a form of art portraying human suffering causing audience pleasure this form has been modernised to usually end a play in a death where all characters end in despair, or worse off than they were at the beginning. Alfieris first speech. What have we learnt about the people who live in Red Hook? We have learnt from the opening speech from Alfieri that Red Hook was the slum of Brooklyn the gullet of New York, Red Hook is portrayed as very violent with no care for the law, but it is now ore civilised getting better, people are no longer as scared as they were, as Alfieri says: I no longer feel the need to keep a gun It shows Red Hook at one time was extremely intimidating bad but now much better. Alfieri goes onto mention how his relatives often tell him not to get involved with cases, this shows the Italian-American-tight knit-family-like-ness how his business seems to be everyones business. What does Alfieri mean when he says justice is very important here? When Alfieri says justice is very important here he is using a bit of sarcasm he is commenting on how people do feel justice is important but their own personal justice not the governments justice. How people can commit murder believing it is all right because of there own justice. However you feel a sense of irony as he is a lawyer speaking he is discussing justice that he may well deal with in court. The fact he is a lawyer also shows there is work for lawyers in Red Hook so some sort of governed justice is important. Now the people settle for half instead of using a gun for justice, what does that mean? Alfieris comment now the people settle for half is commenting on now that Red Hook has been cleaned up a bit his services a called on more although it means the person against the allegations may not be killed he will be brought to governed justice possible face prison. Eddies story is not like the petty troubles of the poor. Why might he come to see Alfieri? Eddies story is not like the petty troubles of the poor because we realise through out the book that aside from the immigrants in his house being illegal, they have actually done nothing wrong although his allegations against Rodolfo being gay are also wrong, it is not illegal to be gay. Alfieri also deals mainly in family squabbles, evictions compensation cases, but Eddies is different because its more about jealousy revenge.

Observation studying on an autistic child

Observation studying on an autistic child Nowadays, Autism is a very popular topic to discuss. Some biological experts said that genetics can cause autistic problem. Aspergers syndrome is one of them. People who have this syndrome may have normal or highly intelligent compare with other people. This syndrome is difficult to analysis because their intelligent can replace the autistic personality. The objective whose name is Z.H was born in 2004 in a Chinese family; later his parents realized his was not able to verbal. After medical checkup, doctor said Z.H has autism. I appreciate that I have an opportunity to have an interview with a six-year-old boy who has this syndrome. This is an individual assignment due to Z.Hs body and mental condition. For these years, Z.H has been to many developmental therapies and special education to learn some certain manners. The therapies are broken down into several parts; most of them are activities to establish a childs connection between mind and body. My studying is going to break down i nto three main groups. Detail in my proposal: Interview this person and his parents to know his background. Observational Study in this childs behavior. His concentration. Introduction in Autistic problems and theory For over a century, experts argue what causes Autistic problem whether it cause by nature or nurture. If we say it is completely cause by nature, it will relate with neurology and genetic make-up. In recent studying, if family members who have this syndrome, the chance he or her siblings would have this disease approximately 10 to 20 percent. During the world war two, Hans Asperger discovered syndromes which similar with autism, but participants show that they have at least one specialty such as, intelligent in calculating, drawing or playing musical instruments. This syndrome call Aspergers syndrome. Mostly, males suffer from this disease more than female. Nowadays, the hot and controversial topic could be why autistic problems exist in male more than female? In fact, different perspectives view autistic problem in different way. Besides, biological factor, it has Brian cognitive neuroscience to explain autistic problem. In this perspective, they believe autistic problem cause by th e abnormal functioning in the brain such as, hormone imbalance or brain damage. Somehow, in case studying, it still exist the cases who become autistic children by environmental factors such as food nutrition. From 20 century 90s Norway and British experts discover some nutrition will cause or worse the autistic syndrome. For example, the protein which contains Gluten protein and Casein protein will cause the autistic problems; because their body cannot digest or dissolve this kind of protein. But I will not discus in here. Until today, it is still unknown what exactly cause autistic syndrome. In human development, I am going to observe my object whose name is Z.H. The objective whose name is Z.H was born in 2004 in a Chinese family; after two years his parents realized his was not able to verbalize. After medical checkup, doctor said Z.H has autism. For these years, Z.H has been to many developmental therapies and special education to learn some certain manners. The therapies are broken down into several parts; most of them are activities to establish a childs connection between mind and body. In this year, my object is going to be seven years old; he is going to enter the stage call middle childhood. This studying is going to analysis this person in psychosocial, cognitive development. And I will provide some studying data as a reference. Human development: In the first three months to twelve months, you already can tell the difference between autistic infants and other infants who do not have autistic problems. In attachment theory, infants need several steps to form attachment, they are pre-attachment phrase, attachment in making, clear-cut attachment phrase and last one is formation of reciprocal relationship. Infants who do not appear separation anxiety could be autistic infants which was develop in the third phrase-clear-cut attachment. Once they fail to develop in the third stage, so they will not display separation anxiety. However, they still can develop the next stage of attachment-formation of reciprocal relationship. They are able to negotiate with their caregiver, but they develop this concept very lately. And they could not establish the third stage of attachment, so in the fourth stage of attachment child will display wired behavior such as; tend to use non-verbal communication often. For example, Z.H used to hold his moth ers hand to point to the cookies. This means that he wants to eat cookies. Autistic infants also reject to form eye-contact with their parents and strangers. In cognitive development, this stage people develop important sense of object, we call object permanence. In Piagets object permanence experiment, the important thing is not children are able to find a hidden toy or object. It is they develop a sense of expectancy. Expectancy is the basic concept to develop and it would influence logical thinking in cognitive development, which is why some autistic children are highly intelligent even though they fail to develop psychosocial development. Expectancy is a flexible concept, it has multiple functioning. For example, it can also function at psychosocial development to develop sense of empathy, but this hypothesis need to do further research. Cognitive neuroscience approach: Basically, cognitive neuroscience experts come out with three main theories to explain why autistic children could not understand other peoples intention, why they have narrow habits and how does cognitive development influence their behavior. They are the theory of mind, weak central coherence theory and central control functioning theory. To understand other persons thought, belief, and emotion, we called the theory of mind. Unfortunately, these people who suffer from autism spectrum disorder fail to develop this concept. Besides, in infancy and toddlerhood, people develop the sense of empathy. Empathy has the same function with theory of mind. According to neo-Piagetian, they believe theory of mind is a byproduct from hypercognition. Because of these reasons, autistic patient tend to be social isolation due to they do not know what other people think or look at them. In school play time, their playing styles tend to be parallel play; it means that they do not communicate each othe r and play on their own. Although their school teacher arranges cooperative play for them, they still like to play their personal stuff. The other theory says that autism spectrum disorder patients behavior just similar to the patients who have frontal lobe damage. These people weak at central control function. Central control function includes the hypercognition process of the flexible behavior and suppresses inappropriate behavior. This can explain why autism spectrum disorder patients like the unchangeable routine, do the same behavior. In psychoanalytic, they said this kind of behavior exists because they use the defense mechanism-fixation. But Central control functioning theory could not explain why they have intelligent ability in some area. Central coherence theory suggest that our sensory perception percept the whole thing. For example, when we see a picture, normal people would prefer to see the whole thing and then focus on the detail in the picture. However, autistic chil dren would see the picture in detail fast and then focus on the whole picture. In their sensory perception, a part is greater than its sum, we call they have weak central coherence. According to this theory, people designed the experiment to analysis autistic children, such as sea taste like salt and ____. Autistic child would write pepper, because pepper has strong correlation between salt. Overall, the theory of mind can tell us why they are difficult to make friends. Weak central coherence theory tell us why their sensory perception so narrow. However, according to research report, most people who success in field would have autistic syndrome, because they only focus on one thing. People who have autism spectrum disorder would appear these symptoms which I expect to happen 1) repeat behavior exist over time 2) very narrow or persist to one habit 3) insist of old routine 4) using non-verbal communication more often 5) prefer to stay alone 6) very dependent on parents or elders help Interview with Z.Hs mother: DATE: March 24th Time duration: 15 minutes Place: Z.Hs home Q1: When did you discover Z.H has autistic problem? A: we discover he had autistic problem when he is twelve. Q2: When Z.H was infancy, what was his reaction when you move away? A: He will feel uncomfortable and anxious when I move away. Q3: What is his common behavior in the house? A: he used to hang around and jump a lot in the house. After, we went to the therapist, this behavior become less and less. Q4: What does he behave at the school, such as does he have any friends at the school? A: No, he does not have any friends at the school. Q5: Could you tell what kind of playing style he prefers at the school? A: He prefers to play alone. Q6: Does he recognize himself from the mirror? A: Yes, of course. Interview with Z.H: DATE: March 24th Time duration: 15 minutes Place: Z.Hs home Q1: Do you miss me when you see me? A: miss Q2: Can you come here? I want to give you a hug. A: (He really come to my side and let me give him a hug) Note: when I interviewing Z.H, he had difficulty to form an eye-contact communication with me Observational Studying in Occupational Therapy Classroom DATE: January 28th Time Duration: 3 hours Place: classified Number of people in the room: 3 people ( therapist , Z.H, and me) Physical Therapy breaks down into several steps. Mostly, it is designed to train childrens motor movement. Therapists use two rooms to develop Z.Hs motor movement and cognitive development, one is physical therapy class room, and other is monitoring room which means that students learn academic skill from monitor. The sections in cognitive development, therapists guide Z.H to establish recognition, verbalization and sense of hearing. In physical therapy section, therapists also guide Z.H to develop his motor movement in balancing, stimulate in his sensory perception. Meanwhile, they teach some simple commands and morality to Z.H. During this section, I could see Z.H repeat behavior which is jumping.But, I could not say when this behavior exist what was his emotion status, such as happy, angry or depression. Z.Hs Attention through the Observational Studying Since therapy break down into several steps and in different rooms, the result will be break into two: the attention in physical therapy classroom, and monitoring classroom. In physical classroom, there were five components to accomplish basically. And Z.H showed that he could not focus on his task. Because I noticed that he liked to focus on things which he interest in or moving objects. During these components, Z.H tried to operate the radio which was located at the corner. His concentration in physical therapy classroom approximate five to fifteen minutes. The activities in monitoring classroom are break down into three components basically. Therapists let students sit in front of the monitor to learn some simple vocabulary. If students really participate in this section, they finish one level. During the monitoring learning section, Z.H showed his strong interested in monitoring learning. So in this component, I did not see any attention deficit syndrome appear. However, in the s econd component which was not relate with monitor, he show this syndrome again, because I saw he try to operate DVD player for several time. Even though his therapist prohibited him from operating DVD player, he still tried to do so. In this all section, Z.Hs faced the difficulty on concentrating due to he had interested in operating mechanical item. Analysis and Discussion: In the analysis and discussion this section, I should analysis this object and chase back in human development by using the data which I have already collected. Firstly, according to attachment theory Z.Hs case I think it could be counted as an exception if I only use one perspective. He suffered from separation anxiety when he was in infancy stage. However, I do not think it that way. During the interview section, I ask his mother about separation anxiety. The result shows that it is negative (see the interview with Z.Hs mother in question 2). I believe the reason could be mothers self-esteem effect, memory processing problem and personal defense mechanism. In environmental factor to influence this effect, I think it is high social economic status and siblings or familys pressure. But, I will not discuss how social economic status influence high self-esteem in family. I will discuss how siblings and family influence mothers high self-esteem. In her family, Z.Hs problem is very rare and his brothers and sisters do not carry this kind of syndrome. Z.Hs cousins do not have this problem as well. Since, Z.H was analysis he has autistic spectrum disorder, his mother felt very depressed and guilt for a period. This could be a nurture factor to influence mothers reaction to my survey and memory process error. Before I start discussing how nurture factor influence memory, try to answer this question Could you tell me the traffic lights position in Malaysia, is that red light on the top or on the bottom. The same concept to apply memory processing theory, peoples sensory perception is selective. I could assume that Z.Hs mother was stereotypingmost of the infant will get anxious when the mother is moving away from them. She uses that concept to answer my survey or she forgot what Z.Hs reaction when she moved away. Also, her hope and wishes could manipulate her memory, but I will not discuss here. The last reason could be the interview technique that I did not notice. Fir stly, the interview styles that I used tend to be straight forward. Some people may scare about that. The ideal technique should be slow approach. It means that a goal can be divided into several steps to accomplish. For example, I should not have asked the question directly, first thing I should do is to ask the things happen around Z.H to reduce mothers defense. Also, this technique can let his mother chase back his infancy and toddlerhood stage. In other words, I could get a result which is more accurate by using this slow approach technique. Z.H is a six-year-old boy. The stages he went through are infancy and toddlerhood. Since he suffered from separation anxiety, I think I cannot explain Z.Hs behavior and emotion status by using one approach of developmental psychology. Erick Ericksons psychosocial psychology can explain that if I combine with attachment theory. In fact, I assume that the original source of attachment theory is from Erick Ericksons psychosocial. Firstly, at the first stage of psychosocial stage called basic trust and mistrust. It says responsive care giving will let infants form basic trust. I can say Z.H already in basic trust that can explain why he could suffer from separation anxiety. At the interview section (interview with Z.Hs mother question 6 and interview with Z.H question 2 p.6 and 7); I can say Z.H developed a sense of self-awareness and self-consciousness. His mother said he can recognize himself in front of the mirror, and he understood I was talking to him and giving him a command. In cognitive development, Z.Hs situation is that his linguistic development shows delay because he is an autistic child. In the interview (interview with Z.H question1 p.7), I can say his linguistic development stay at one-word speech. This is common problem in autistic children-linguistic delay. Somehow, Z.Hs face social shut down problems because he do not form eye-contact communication with others, and his playing style tend to be parallel play(interview with Z.Hs mother question 5 line14 p.6). The theory of mind explains why he prefers to play alone, because he does not understand what other peoples intention. During the observational studying section, I observed that his repeated behavior is jumping. Actually, repeated behaviors dependent persons personal background. For Z.Hs case is jumping exists over time, in central control functioning theory (intro page5 line 6) can explain this. But if I want to enter further such as why central control functioning theory causes this problem exist; I may need to do further study. Also, he showed a strong interested in operating mechanical items, such as radio and DVD player (observational section p.7 and 8), even though therapist asked him to stop it. Apparently, he has not developed or weak in sense of effortful control, in psychoanalytic approach, his ego still underdeveloped, because his structure of personality still work on pleasure principle-the needs must be satisfied immediately. Frontal lope will be well-developed when people reach early adulthood. It controls our compulsive problems. That is why Z.H insists of operating radio and DVD playe r even though therapist was not allowed. Also, reticular formation controls our attention. It is not surprise to see Z.H face the challenge in attention, because this part of brain will be well-developed after people reach puberty. And, this studying only take one day, some result cannot say accurate. For instance, weak central coherence theory (intro page 5 line12), this theory may require responsive observational studying. Basically, it says in autistic patients their sensory perceptions tend to be more selective. In one sentence, a part is greater than its sum. During the monitoring section, I discovered that Z.Hs problem. Z.H was born in Chinese a family, therefore, his native language is Chinese. In the word matching, therapist said a word or a vocabulary in Chinese to let Z.H to match the word, and the word cards was on the floor. For example, if therapist said stamp, Z.H had to find the card which represent the word stamp. In Chinese pronunciation, each word has different pronunciation. His was able to detect the number of words which was said. For example, if therapist said black broad which translate to Chinese are two words. He would choose the word cards which contain two words in Chinese, but word did not mean black broad. He could choose the word stamp instead. This incidence told me that Z.H is developing a sense of understanding what other people say. But he did it in different manner, in his world, he focus on number of words, not meaning of words. Over all, in the result analysis I discover it is not enough to use only one perspective to explain and analyze human development. Z.Hs case counts as a special case because he was born to be autistic child. The behaviors he occurs are repeated behavior, attention deficit, and delay in linguistic development. Therefore, I use combination of different approaches to analyze Z.Hs case. For example, Erik Eriksons psychosocial combine with attachment theory and effortful control joint with psychoanalytic approach. These approaches have common connection with human development. Conclusion: In this research paper, it focuses on external behavior to explain inner personality or self in human development. However, it still has limitation. For example, I could see what really happen in Z.Hs mind and his cognitive thought. I know this papers weakness could be the motivation and introspective part. What drive Z.H to operate the DVD player, although therapist asked him to stop? The second thing is that expectation problem. I believe in human development, the first cognitive developmental concept that children develop is expectation and then it transform to empathy. However, I have lack of evidences to support this hypothesis. I think may be humans mind is too complex to explain, even if we have fMRI and PET scanner. They only can tell what happen in the brain, instead of what happen in the mind. But, I know one thing is definitely is that Z.H is getting better after he join the physical therapy section. His mother said that he could tell a single word, before he went to thera py. It is not a shame to get autistic spectrum disorder; it is people ignore the existence of the problem. Actually, the number of curing autistic children is increasing. In China, their therapy section is based on make-believe play-role play. It combines with Piagets concept and Banduras social learning theory to cure the children who suffer from autistic spectrum disorder.